UC-NRLF 


INDUSTRIAL 

I  STUDIES  ^EXERCISES  f 

REIMOLD 


WORLD  BOOK  COMPANY 


Svv*< 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


GIFT    OF 


PHILIPPINE  EDUCATION  SERIES 


INDUSTRIAL 
STUDIES  AND  EXERCISES 


BY 

O.  S.  REIMOLD 

AUTHOR    OF    FIRST   AND    SECOND    PRIMARY   LANGUAGE    BOOKS 

FORMERLY   A    DIVISION    SUPERINTENDENT   OF 

SCHOOLS    IN    THE    PHILIPPINES 


WITH  AN   INTRODUCTION  BY 

DAVID  P.  BARROWS 

PROFESSOR   OF   EDUCATION    IN    THE    UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA 

FORMERLY   DIRECTOR   OF   EDUCATION    FOR   THE 

PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS 


ILLUSTRATED 


YONKERS-ON-HUDSON,  NEW  YORK 

WORLD    BOOK   COMPANY 

AND  MANILA 

191  o 

Copyright,  1905,  iQio,  by  World  Book  Company.     Entered  at  Stationers'  Hall,  London. 
Registrado  en  las  Islas  Filipinas.     A II  rights  reserved. 


CONTENTS 


GIFT     r;  #./> 
INTRODUCTION      ............ 

ABACA  —  Making  cord  and  rope     ....... 

BAMBOO  —  Making  bamboo  furniture  ;  joints    .      .      . 

BASKETS,  HATS,    AND    MATS  —  Beginning  diagonal 

weave     .............. 

BLACKSMITH,  THE  —  Making  awl,  needles,  and  rule    . 
BURI  —  Weaving  with  the  knot  weave    ..... 

CARPENTER,  THE  —  Making  loom  of  cigar  box    .     . 
COCONUT,  THE  —  Weaving  coconut-fiber  mat       .      . 
FISH,  THE  —  Weaving  nets  and  net  bags     .... 

FISHING  —  Weaving  fish  trap  and  wastebasket      .     . 
FOREST,   THE  —  Making  chart  stand  and  model  stand 
GARDEN,  THE  —  Making  fences  and  hedges     .     .      . 
HOME,  THE  —  Making  bamboo  window  shade       .      . 
HUNTING  —  Weaving  nets  and  hammocks    .      .     .      . 

MARKET,  THE  —  Making  measures    ...... 

PLAYING  BALL  —  Making  a  base-ball       ..... 

POTTER,  THE  —  Covering  flower-pots  with  weaves    . 
RlCE  —  Weaving  winnowing  baskets  ;  crop  report     . 
SABUTAN  —  Hat  weaving     ......... 

SCHOOL  —  Making  bamboo  loom  ....... 

SEWING  —  Weaving  sewing  basket     ...... 

SHOEMAKER,  THE  —  Making  sandals      ..... 

SUGAR-CANE  —  Writing  crop  reports  ...... 

TAILOR,  THE  —  Making  coat  hanger  and  clothes  rack 
TRANSPORTATION  —  Writing  road  and  animal  reports 
WASHING  —  Making  bamboo  toilet  furniture    .      .      . 
WEAVING  —  Weaving  on  simple  loom      ..... 

PLATE  I  —  Bamboo  furniture     ........ 

PLATE  II  —  Adaptations  of  diagonal  mat     .... 

PLATE  III  —  Eight  steps  in  weaving  a  buri  hat      . 


3 

5-8 
9-12 

13—16 

17-20 

21-24 

25—28 

29-32 

33-36 

37-40 

41-44 

45-48 

49-52 

53  —  56 

57~6o 

61-64 

65—68 

69-72 

73~?6 

77~8o 

81-84 

85-88 

89-92 

93—96 

97-100 

101-104 

105-108 

109 

110 

1  1  1 


RISE  -I 


INTRODUCTION 

The  following  studies  in  industrial  work  are  based  upon  the 
arts  and  industries  of  the  Filipino  peoples.  Few  countries  can 
show  so  many  kinds  of  attractive  handiwork  suitable  for  teach- 
ing in  schools.  Trees,  plants,  and  grasses  which  in  other  coun- 
tries have  to  be  brought  from  afar  to  furnish  the  materials  for 
this  work  here  grow  abundantly. 

The  Filipinos  have  two  fine  gifts.  First,  the  quickness  of 
their  hands ;  perhaps  no  other  people  in  the  world  learn  so 
easily  to  use  their  hands  and  fingers  cleverly.  Second,  the 
artistic  sense ;  they  love  beautiful  things  —  colors,  patterns,  and 
pictures  —  and  they  love  to  make  them.  This  talent  shows  itself 
not  only  in  the  paintings  of  such  great  artists  as  Luna  and 
Resurreccion,  but  still  more  strikingly  in  the  many  beautiful 
articles  made  by  humble  people. 

For  many  years,  the  native  arts  and  manufactures  of  the 
Filipinos  have  been  disappearing.  There  are  provinces  where 
at  the  time  of  the  Spanish  conquest  the  people  made  fine  cotton 
cloths,  but  today  do  nothing  of  the  kind.  There  are  towns 
once  famous  for  mats  and  baskets  which  no  longer  make  them. 
Only  three  or  four  towns  make  good  hats,  although  the  demand 
is  so  large  that  many  hundreds  are  brought  to  Manila  each  year 
from  foreign  countries.  In  getting  a  modern  education,  the 
Filipino  boy  and  girl  should  not  forget  or  slight  the  many  ex- 
cellent things  done  well  by  their  parents  and  grandparents. 
Among  these  are  the  popular  industries  told  about  in  this  book. 

We  whose  aim  is  education  believe  that  it  is  a  great  good  to  a 
child  to  learn  to  make  well  some  useful  thing ;  to  make  it  beauti- 
ful is  an  increased  pleasure.  We  believe  that  the  training  of  eye 
and  hand  obtained  by  learning  to  make  a  fine  mat  will  help  the 
child  many  times  in  after  life  to  use  his  fingers  skilfully  and  to 
know  and  love  well-made  things.  Furthermore,  we  believe  that 
the  schools  should  encourage,  in  every  way,  the  practice  of 
"household  industries,"  that  is,  industries  that  can  be  engaged 
in  by  all  members  of  the  family  without  leaving  the  home.  In 

iii 

219371 


IV 


INTRODUCTION 


many  provinces,  people  have  little  to  do  between  rice  planting 
and  harvest,  and  again,  between  harvest  time  and  plowing. 
Idleness  frequently  leads  them  to  do  foolish  and  harmful  things ; 
sometimes  they  actually  suffer  want  for  lack  of  employment. 
To  such  people,  household  industries  are  most  important.  Were 
it  not  for  the  spinning  and  weaving  of  cotton  cloths,  the  Ilokano 
people  would  not  be  able  to  make  a  living  on  their  crowded 
and  not  very  fertile  coast. 

For  all  these  reasons  the  native  arts  and  industries  were 
chosen  as  subjects  of  study  in  primary  schools  when,  in  1904, 
the  course  of  study  for  Philippine  schools  was  framed.  Splen- 
did teaching  along  these  lines  has  already  been  given  in  all 
parts  of  the  Islands.  I  have  been  in  schools  where  every  boy 
was  wearing  a  buri  or  pandan  hat  which  he  himself  had  made, 
and  in  other  schools  where  every  girl  had  learned  to  embroider 
linen  in  a  way  to  delight  the  purchaser  of  such  fineries. 

About  two  years  ago,  a  "standard"  of  industrial  work  was 
announced  which  each  child  must  reach  to  be  promoted  from 
Grade  III  to  Grade  IV.  This  "standard"  is  the  ability  to  make 
well  some  useful,  salable  article  and  to  write  a  little  essay  tell- 
ing about  the  materials  from  which  it  is  made,  its  manufacture, 
its  use,  and  its  worth.  This  book  helps  the  pupil  to  both  ends  ; 
it  teaches  how  to  make  beautiful  things,  and  it  teaches  how  to 
tell  about  them  in  accurate  and  well-chosen  language. 

DAVID  P.  BARROWS 
University  of  California,  I  October,  1910 


To  the  Teacher :  On  each  first  page  of  a  subject  (see  pages  5,  9,  13,  and  each 
successive  fourth  page)  is  a  list  of  words  and  expressions  which  it  is  essential  that 
every  pupil  should  understand  and  be  able  to  use  correctly.  Let  the  pupils  use 
each  word  or  phrase  in  several  sentences  relating  to  the  subject  under  discussion. 
Words  followed  by  "(n.  &  v.)  "  are  used  both  as  noun  and  verb— teach  the  use 
of  both.  Of  the  nouns,  both  singular  and  plural  forms  should  be  used ;  of  the 
verbs,  the  present,  past,  and  participle  forms  should  be  used. 


CONVERSATION  AND  VOCABULARY  DRILL   5 
ABACA 


What  is  growing  in  this  field? 

How  tall  are  the  plants? 

How  do  the  men  cut  abaca? 

What  is  on  the  cart? 

Where  will  the  man  go  with  the  cart? 


stalk 
leaf 
leaves 
abaca  fiber 
coarse  fiber 
fine  fiber 


bleach 

strip  (n.  &  v.) 

stripper 

stripping  knife 

stripping  machine 

baling  machine 


bale 

cord 

rope 

lupis 

sinamay 

pinolpog 


READING  AND  CONVERSATION 


Cut  a  stalk  of  abaca 
or  banana  plant.  You 
will  find  many  small 
threads.  These  small 
threads  in  the  stalk  are 
called  fibers. 

In  abaca  there  are 
many  fibers.  Abaca 
fibers  are  very  strong. 
This  man  is  taking 
the  fiber  out  of  the 
abaca  stalk.  He  is 
stripping  off  all  the  soft 
part  with  a  smooth  knife.  If  the  knife  is  rough, 
the  fiber  will  not  be  fine. 

Abaca  fiber  makes  strong  twine  and  rope. 
Cord  is  small  rope.  The  fisherman  uses  rope 
and  cord  for  his  nets.  Much  rope  is  used  on 
ships.  Is  the  rope  on  your  flag-pole  made  of  abaca? 
Women  can  weave  cloth  from  fine  abaca  fiber. 
The  ladies  make  camisas  of  this  cloth. 

Very  much  abaca  grows  in  the  southern  part 
of  Luzon.  Can  you  tell  on  what  other  islands 
abaca  grows? 

Much  abaca  is  sent  to  America  and  Europe. 
Philippine  abaca  is  the  best  in  the  world. 


CONVERSATION  AND  WRITING 

1.  How  does  the  farmer  plant  abaca? 

2.  Why  does  he  have  trees  in  the  field? 

3.  What  plant  does  abaca  look  like  ? 

4.  What  kind  of  leaves  has  abaca? 

5.  How  tall  does  abaca  grow? 

6.  Can  we  eat  the  abaca  fruit? 

7.  What  part  of  the  plant  do  we  use? 

8.  How  many  times  a  year  is  abaca  cut? 

9.  How  can  we  tell  when  to  cut  abaca? 
10.  How  do  the  men  cut  abaca? 


1.  How  does  the  man  take  the  fiber  out  of 

the  stalk  ? 

2.  What  kind  of  knife  is  best  for  stripping? 

3.  How  does  the  fiber  look? 

4.  What  color  is  it? 

5.  What  can  we  make  of  strong  fiber? 

6.  How  is  rope  made? 

7.  For  what  can  we  use  rope  ? 

8.  What  cloth  can  we  weave  of  fine  fiber? 

9.  What  can  be  made  of  the  cloth  ? 

10.  In  what  provinces  does  much  abaca  grow  ? 


INDUSTRIAL   EXERCISES 

What  is  the  difference  between  a  cord  and  a 
rope  ?  You  can  make  all  the  cord  and  rope  that 
you  need  for  your  industrial  work.  Use  good 
fibers  of  abaca,  maguey,  or  sisal.  See  pages  32, 
36,  52,  56,  68,  88,  for  the  uses  of  cord  and 
rope. 

To  make  a  cord  for  weaving  a  net,  select 
twenty  good  fibers  of  equal  lengths.  Take  ten 
fibers  in  one  bundle.  Fasten  one  end  of  the 
bundle  to  a  hook  in  the  ceiling.  Hang  it  so 
high  that  the  other  end  does  not  touch  the  floor. 
Tie  a  stone  or  some  other  kind  of  weight  to  the 
lower  end.  Give  the  weight  a  spin  so  that  it 
will  twist  the  fibers.  Twist  the  other  ten  fibers 
in  the  same  way.  Then  twist  the  two  strands 
into  a  cord. 

Measure  the  fibers  before  twisting,  and  again 
after  twisting.     When  are  they  longer?    Why? 
You  can  make  a  rope  for  a  flag.     How  thick 
should  it  be?     Twist  three  strands   together. 
How  many  fibers  will  you  need  for  each  strand? 

Rope  can  also  be  made  by  braiding.  Learn  to  braid 
with  three  strands;  with  four  strands;  with  six  strands. 
Braided  rope  is  useful  for  basket  handles  and  for  the  soles 
of  sandals.  (See  page  88.)  It  can  also  be  sewed  together 
to  make  mats  and  baskets.  Very  pretty  braided  rope 
can  be  made  from  raffia  and  grasses. 

To  the  Teacher:  Pupils  should  make  at  a  time  only  as  much  cordage  as  their 
exercise  requires.     Read  the  chapters,  "Braids "  and  "  Knots  and  Nets." 


CONVERSATION  AND  VOCABULARY  DRILL     9 
BAMBOO 


What  tall  plants  do  you  see  at  the  left? 
What  can  you  tell  about  them? 
What  are  the  men  doing? 
Of  what  are  they  building  the  house? 
What  tools  do  they  use? 


bamboo  shoots 
bamboo  stalks 
hollow  stalks 
trim  the  stalks 


split  the  stalks 
between  the  joints' 
join  two  pieces 
make  a  joint* 


glue 
chisel 
pegs 
ruler 


*To  the  Teacher:  Make  clear  these  meanings  of  the  word  joint:  (i)  the  node 
of  a  stem;  (2)  the  part  of  a  stem  between  the  nodes;  (3)  the  union  of  two  or 
more  parts  or  things,  as  the  bamboo  joints  on  page  12. 


10 


READING    AND    CONVERSATION 


Bamboo  does  not  grow  like 
trees.      Many    bamboo     plants 
grow    in  one   bunch.      Here  is 
a  picture  of  a  bunch  of  bamboo. 
Young  bamboo  grows  very  fast. 
It  is  tender  and  good  to  eat. 

The  bamboo  stalk  is  hollow.  It 
is  lighter  than  the  trunk  of  a  tree. 
The  trunk  of  a  tree  is  solid. 

Can  you  make  a  cup  of  bamboo  ? 
When  the  wind  blows,  the  bamboo 
bends  and  shakes  its  slender  leaves. 
How  beautiful  it  looks  ! 

The  farmer  plants  bamboo  around 
his  field.  The  carabao  cannot  get 
into  the  field. 

The  carpenter  can  use  bamboo  for  posts, 
because  it  is  strong.  Can  all  the  parts  of  a 
house  be  made  of  bamboo  ? 

We  can  make  sawali  and  baskets  of 
bamboo,  because  it  bends  and  is  light. 

The  farmer  makes  rope  of  bamboo, 
because  it  bends  and  is  strong. 

Very  fine  hats  are  made  of  bamboo.  Bamboo 
hats  are  light  and  cool.  In  what  town  are  many 
bamboo  hats  made  ? 


CONVERSATION    AND    WRITING  u 

1.  Where  does  bamboo  grow  best? 

2.  How  much  will  young  bamboo  grow  in  a  day? 

3.  How  long  will  it  take  to  grow  as  tall  as  you  ? 

4.  How  high  does  bamboo  grow? 

5.  What  kind  of  branches  has  bamboo  ? 

6.  WThat  kind  of  leaves  grow  on  bamboo  ? 

7.  When  do  people  cut  bamboo  ? 

8.  When  must  they  not  cut  it  ? 

9.  Do  ants  eat  bamboo  ? 

10.  How  is  bamboo  different  from  a  tree? 

11.  What  kind  of  noise  does   bamboo    make  when   it 

burns? 


1.  What  part  of  your  house  is  made  of  bamboo  ? 

2.  Name  some    large   things   at  your  home   made  of 

bamboo. 

3.  Name  some  small  things  made  of  bamboo. 

4.  What  can  your  father  make  of  bamboo  ? 

5.  What  things  made  of  bamboo  does  the  fisherman 

use  ? 

6.  What  does  the  farmer  make  of  bamboo  ? 

7.  What  can  you  make  of  bamboo  ? 

8.  Why  do  you  make  your  kite  of  bamboo  ? 

9.  How  much  do  you  pay  for  a  large  bamboo  stalk  ? 


12 


INDUSTRIAL  EXERCISES 


Where  do  the  pupils  in  your  school  put  their  hats  and 
umbrellas?  Should  you  like  to  make  an  umbrella  rack 
or  a  hatrack  for  your  room?  (See  page  109.) 

Bamboo  furniture  should  be  strong.  It  will  be  strong 
if  all  the  joints  are  well  made.  The  pictures  above  show 
how  to  make  strong  joints.  Measure  accurately.  Cut 
the  edges  even.  Make  the  two  joining  pieces  fit  well. 
Do  not  use  iron  nails;  use  wooden  pegs  and  hot  glue. 
Make  the  joints  neat.  See  that  your  saw  and  chisel  are 
sharp  so  that  you  can  cut  smooth  edges. 

No.  i  shows  how  joined  pieces  are  held  together  while 
the  glue  is  drying.  No.  2  shows  the  miter  joint ;  Nos.  3 
and  4,  T  joints;  No.  6,  the  diagonal  joint. 

To  the  Teacher  :  Read  the  chapter  "  Bamboo  Work."  Let  the  first  work  be 
simple.  Do  not  let  the  pupils  try  to  make  furniture  until  they  are  able  to  make 
strong  joints.  Glue  may  be  made  from  carabao  hoofs  and  skins. 


CONVERSATION  AND  VOCABULARY  DRILL    13 
BASKETS,  HATS,  AND  MATS 


What  is  this  woman  weaving? 
What  material  does  she  use? 
How  many  hats  do  you  see? 
What  other  things  can  she  weave? 
Of  what  is  the  mat  made? 


weave  mat  weave 

weaving  web  weave 

wove  coil  weave 

woven  knot  weave 

border  hexagonal  weave 

lesign  square  mat 


sleeping  mat 
table  mat 
hand  basket 
market  basket 
sewing  basket 
weaving  materials 


READING    AND    CONVERSATION 


Many  kinds  of  hats  are  made  in  the  Philippines. 
Some  hats  keep  off  the  rain,  and  others  are  made 
to  wear  in  the  sun.  How  many  kinds  of  hats  do 
you  see  in  the  picture  ? 

In  Baliwag  hats  are  made  of  bamboo.  The  peo- 
ple of  Lukban  make  fine  hats  of  buntal.  Sabutan 
makes  very  good  hats. 

Baskets  are  very  useful,  and  we  should  learn 
to  make  them.  Many  of  them  have  beautiful 
shapes.  Sometimes  baskets  have  pretty  colors, 
too.  Strong  baskets  are  made  of  bejuco,  bam- 
boo, or  buri. 


CONVERSATION    AND    WRITING 


1.  What     kinds    of  mats    are 

made  in    your   province  ? 

2.  Of  what  material  are  these 

mats  made  ? 

3.  What  color  are  they  ? 

4.  What  are  these  mats  used 

for? 

5.  Draw  a  design  for  a  mat. 

6.  Beautiful  mats  are  made  in 

the    Romblon   Islands.      Can   you  tell  some  other 
places  where  fine  mats  are  made  ? 


1.  What   part  of  the   basket  do   you 

weave  first  ? 

2.  What  do  you  make  last  ? 

3.  What  baskets  are  made  of  bamboo? 

4.  WThat  baskets  are  made  of  bejuco  ? 

5.  What  other  materials  are  used  to 

make  baskets  ? 
6.   Tell   the  use  of  each  basket  in  the  picture. 

1.  Can  you  make  a  bamboo  hat? 

2.  How  do  you  get  the  bamboo? 

3.  How  do  you  split  it  for  weaving? 

4.  How  do  you  soften  the  bamboo  ? 

5.  What  part  of  the  hat  do  you  weave 

first  ? 

6.  How  many  kinds  of  material  are  used  to  make  hats  ? 
/ .   Which  hat  in  the  picture  do  you  like  best  ? 


i6 


INDUSTRIAL  EXERCISES 


4 


\ 


In  weaving  a  mat,  it  is  important  to  turn  the  corners 
correctly  and  accurately.  The  pictures  show  how  to 
make  correct  turns. 

Lay  a  strip  of  buri  or  lupis  before  you.  With  the 
right  hand  bring  the  upper  part  over  to  the  right. 
Make  a  right  angle  like  No.  i.  Take  the  strip  at  the 
right  and  bring  it  over  and  down.  Now  you  have  the 
double  turn  shown  by  No.  2. 

Weave  in  a  strip  as  shown  in  No.  3.  All  turns  on  the 
right  are  made  by  bringing  the  strip  over  and  down.  All 
turns  on  the  left  are  made  by  turning  the  strip  back  and 
then  down,  like  No.  4. 

Weave  in  other  strips.  When  the  edges  are  20  cm 
long,  make  the  double  turn.  Now  weave  until  the  mat 
is  finished.  What  is  the  shape  of  your  mat  ?  How  large 
is  it?  On  page  1 10  you  will  find  pictures  of  things  that 
can  be  made  of  square  mats  and  oblong  mats. 

To  make  a  good  mat,  notice  these  points:  use  white 
buri;  let  the  strips  be  smooth;  weave  the  strips  in 
straight;  weave  the  strips  closely.  When  a  mat  is  well 
made,  the  edges  are  straight  and  even. 

To  the  Teacher:  See  the  chapter  "First  Exercises  "  for  exercises  on  making 
turns;  also  read  the  chapter  "  Diagonal  Mat- Weave."  This  lesson  will  serve  as 
a  model  for  a  composition  exercise  on  how  to  weave  a  mat. 


CONVERSATION  AND  VOCABULARY  DRILL    17 
THE  BLACKSMITH 


What  is  the  man  making? 
What  is  the  man  at  the  right  doing? 
What  do  you  call  these  men? 
Why  do  they  need  the  fire? 
Tell  the  names  of  the  things  that  you 
see  in  this  place. 


metal 

iron 

steel 

tin 

brass 

copper 


gold  and  silver 

metal  worker 

coppersmith 

tinsmith 

silversmith 

goldsmith 


blow  the  fire 
heat  the  iron 
red  hot 
cool  the  iron 
bend  the  iron 
bent  the  wire 


18 


READING    AND    CONVERSATION 


I  like  to  visit  the  blacksmith's  shop  and  see  the 
blacksmith  work. 

A  fire  is  burning  in  the  forge.  The  blacksmith 
puts  the  iron  into  the  fire.  See  how  the  fire 
burns !  I  like  to  see  the  man  blow  the  fire. 

The  blacksmith  takes  the  hot  iron  out  of  the 
fire  with  the  tongs.  How  pretty  the  red  iron 
looks ! 

He  puts  the  iron  on  the  anvil  and  strikes  it 
with  a  heavy  hammer.  See  the  sparks  fly  !  Hear 
the  anvil  ring ! 

The  blacksmith  is  making  a  bolo.  He  ham- 
mers the  hot  iron  flat.  He  will  sharpen  the  bolo 
and  put  a  handle  on  it. 

The  blacksmith  will  sell  the  bolo.  He  can  buy 
food  and  clothes  with  the  money. 

Who  will  buy  the  bolo  ? 


CONVERSATION    AND    WRITING  19 

1.  Of  what  does  the  blacksmith  make  a  bolo? 

2.  Can  he  make  a  bolo  of  cold  iron? 

3.  How  can  he  make  the  iron  soft? 

4.  How  does  he  make  the  fire  burn? 

5.  How  does  he  know  when  the  iron  is  soft? 

6.  How  does  he  hold  the  hot  iron? 

7.  How  does  he  shape  the  iron  into  a  bolo? 

8.  Why  does  the  blacksmith  make  bolos? 

9.  What  does  the  carpenter  give  him  for  a  bolo? 
10.  What  does  the  blacksmith  do  with  the  money? 


1.  Draw  pictures  of  three  objects  shown  in  the  picture 

on  page  2. 

2.  Write  four  sentences.      In  each  sentence  tell  what 

the  blacksmith  does  with  one  of  these  tools: 

anvil  tongs 

hammer  forge 

3.  Write  four  sentences.     In  each  sentence  tell  what 

these  things  are  used  for: 

anchor  spear 

bolo  chain 


20 


INDUSTRIAL  EXERCISES 


3 

4 


For  your  industrial  work,  you  need  these  tools :  knife, 
scissors,  ruler,  awl,  large  and  small  needles,  and  bamboo 
needles.  You  can  make  most  of  your  own  tools  yourself. 

Make  an  awl  from  a  nail.  Shape  a  wooden  handle  as 
No.  i  shows.  Make  it  6  cm  long  and  2.5  cm  wide  at  the 
widest  part.  Drive  a  nail  into  the  handle.  File  off  the 
nail  head  and  sharpen  the  nail,  as  shown  in  No.  2. 

Make  a  needle  from  a  nail.  File  off  the  head.  Hammer 
the  nail  flat  and  file  it  till  it  is  thin  enough.  Punch  a 
hole  in  one  end.  No.  3  shows  the  shape  and  size  of  the 
needle. 

A  bamboo  needle  is  needed  for  weaving  colored  buri 
into  mats.  Cut  a  thin  piece  of  bamboo  into  a  shape  like 
No.  4.  The  split  at  one  end  will  hold  the  colored  buri. 

Directions  for  making  a  meter  measure  are  given  on 
page  60.  In  the  same  manner  make  a  decimeter  meas- 
ure. Divide  the  decimeter  into  ten  centimeters.  Divide 
the  centimeters  into  millimeters. 

You  cannot  make  a  knife  or  scissors.  These  tools  are 
made  of  hard  steel.  However,  you  can  keep  them  sharp 
by  using  a  whetstone.  Some  whetstones  are  used  dry. 
On  some  whetstones  water  is  used,  on  others,  oil. 


CONVERSATION   AND  VOCABULARY  DRILL     21 

BURI 


Point  to  the  leaf. 
How  tall  is  the  leaf? 
How  tall  is  the  petiole  ? 
Point  to  the  leaf  bud. 
On  what  tree  do  they  grow  ? 
What  part  of  the  leaf  is  useful  ? 
What  fiber  does  it  contain  ? 
WThy  is  the  leaf  bud  valuable  ? 
Name  six  things  made  of  buri. 


rice  water 
boiling  water 
leaf  bud 
petiole 
midrib 
buri  fiber 
buntal 
buri  raffia 


extract 

prepare 

soak 

boil 

rinse 

bleach 

vinegar 

sour 


dye  (n.  &  v.) 

dyeing 

dyed 

color 

sibucao 

mangrove 

dilao 

cili 


22 


READING  AND  CONVERSATION 


Buri  grows  in  nearly  every 
part  of  the  Philippines.  Buri  fiber 
is  used  more  than  any  other  kind 
in  school  industrial  work. 

The  fiber,  commonly  called 
buri,  comes  from  the  leaf  bud. 
Buri  is  stronger  and  finer  than 
pandan.  White  buri  makes  the 
best  kind  of  cheap  hats.  See 
page  ill  for  the  weaving  of  a 
buri  hat. 

A  soft  fiber,  which  resembles  a 
material  called  raffia,  is  made  from  buri.  Buri 
raffia  can  be  woven  in  a  small  loom.  It  also 
makes  attractive  mats  and  baskets. 

The  midribs  of  the  leaf  bud  can  be  used  as 
spokes  in  basket  weaving.  Bejuco  and  bamboo, 
however,  make  stronger  spokes. 

The  valuable  buntal  fiber  is  found  in  the  petiole, 
or  stem,  of  the  buri  leaf.  The  man  in  the  picture 
is  pulling  buntal  from  a  leaf  stem.  Few  people 
know  how  to  extract  buntal.  More  people  should 
learn  how  to  do  it.  Have  you  tried  it  ? 

Most  of  the  buntal  comes  from  Tayabas  prov- 
ince. Buntal  is  woven  into  fine  hats.  It  is  also 
used  for  cigarette  cases  and  fine  baskets. 


CONVERSATION  AND  WRITING  23 

1.  How  tall  do  buri  trees  usually  grow? 

2.  How  often  does  a  new  leaf  grow  on  a  tree? 

3.  How  tall  is  the  leaf  bud  when  it  is  ready  to  cut  for 

weaving  fiber? 

4.  What  materials  does  the  leaf  bud  give  ? 

5.  Name  the  uses  of  the   buri  fiber,    the  midribs,    and 

raffia. 

6.  From  what  part  of  the  buri  plant  does  buntal  come? 

7.  Why  is  buntal  valuable  ? 

8.  Can  any  one  in  your  town  weave  a  buntal  hat? 

9.  From  what  province  do  most  of  the 

buntal  hats  come  ? 


Prepare  and  bleach  buri  for  your  own  use.  Make  it 
as  white  as  you  can.  WVite  a  composition  on  "  How  to 
Prepare  Buri."  Write  about  these  things:  (i)  collect- 
ing leaf  bud;  (2)  separating  parts  of  bud ;  (3)  stripping 
from  the  midrib;  (4)  boiling;  (5)  drying;  (6)  soaking 
in  rice  water;  (7)  drying;  (8)  making  smooth ;  (9)  roll- 
ing; (10)  stripping. 

Be  sure  to  tell  how  long  to  boil  the  buri;  what  you 
put  into  the  water  to  make  the  buri  white ;  how  long  to 
dry  it  before  rinsing;  how  often  to  rinse  it. 


INDUSTRIAL  EXERCISES 


These  pictures  show  how  the  knot  weave  is  made. 
Take  two  buri  strips.  Place  one  over  the  other  to  form 
right  angles,  as  shown  in  No.  i.  Hold  these  strips  in 
your  left  hand.  With  the  right  hand,  make  the  turns  as 
shown  in  Nos.  2,  3,  4,  5.  No.  6  shows  how  the  knot 
looks  when  it  has  been  pulled  tight. 

To  make  the  next  knot,  add  a  new  strip,  as  in  No.  7. 
Make  this  knot  as  shown  in  Nos.  i  to  6.  For  each  new 
knot,  add  a  strip.  When  you  begin  the  second  row  of 
knots,  add  a  new  strip,  as  in  No.  8.  Add  a  new  strip 
for  each  row.  Make  the  knots  even  and  bring  them 
close  together. 

No.  9  shows  how  small  bamboo  splints  are  woven  into 
the  knot  weave.  This  makes  the  weave  strong  enough 
to  hold  its  shape.  Weave  the  splints  in  firmly  so  that 
they  will  not  fall  out.  You  must  strengthen  the  weave 
with  splints  when  you  make  the  articles  shown  on  page  23. 

To  the  Teacher :  Read  the  chapters  ' '  Materials  and  their  Preparation " 
(buri),  "  Dyes,"  "  Hat  Weaving."  There  ought  to  be  a  sale  among  officials  for 
knot-weave  baskets  in  which  to  put  letters  and  papers  —  dimensions  36  cm  long, 
26  cm  wide,  9  cm  deep. 


CONVERSATION  AND  VOCABULARY  DRILL   25 
THE  CARPENTER 


What  do  you  call  these  men? 
What  materials  are  they  using? 
Who  made  the  boards? 
What  tools  are  these  men  using? 
What  things  can  they  make? 


workshop 

workbench 

tool  box 

sawhorse 

hardware 

try-square 


saw  (n.  &  v.) 
ripsaw 
crosscut  saw 
backsaw 
miter  box 
mallet 


hammer  (n.  &  v.) 

screw 

screw-driver 

bit 

brace 

plane  (n.  &  v.) 


26  READING    AND    CONVERSATION 

The  carpenters  are  build- 
ing a  house.  First  they  dig 
holes  in  the  ground  and  put 
in  the  posts.  The  posts  are 
very  strong. 

On  top  of  the  posts  they 
make  the  roof.  The  frame 
of  the  roof  is  made  of  bam- 
boo. One  carpenter  is  put- 
ting on  the  cogon.  Nipa 
also  makes  a  good  roof. 
Cogon  and  nipa  keep  out 
the  hot  sun  and  the  rain. 

Another  carpenter  is  saw- 
ing a  wide  board.  The 
board  must  be  smooth.  It 
will  be  used  for  the  floor. 

The  carpenters  will  cover 
the  sides  of  the  house  with 
sawali.      How  do  they  put  it  on? 

They  will  put  in  large  windows  and  a  door. 
Light  and  fresh  air  can  come  through  the  win- 
dows.    At  night  we   should  open  the  windows 
and  shut  the  doors. 

The  floor  is  high  above  the  ground.    The  car- 
penter will  make  steps  of  boards. 


CONVERSATION    AND    WRITING 


27 


1.  What  things  in  the  school-room  can  the  carpenter 

make  ? 

2.  Of  what  is  your  bench  made? 

3.  What  kind  of  wood  is  it? 

4.  How  does  the  carpenter  make  the 

boards  smooth? 

5.  What  does  he  do  with  the  saw? 

6.  How  does  he  sharpen  his  saw? 

7.  What  holds  the  bench  together? 

8.  How  does  the  carpenter  put  in  the 

nails? 

9.  What  can  the  carpenter  make  for  the  blacksmith? 
10.  What  can  the  blacksmith  make  for  the  carpenter? 


1.  How  long  is  your  house?     How  wide  is  it? 

2.  How  many  posts  are  in  your  house? 

3.  How  tall  are  they  from  the  ground  to  the  roof? 

4.  What  kind  of  wood  are  the  posts? 

5.  With  wrhat  is  the  roo.f  of  your  house  covered? 

6.  Count  the  steps  from  the  ground  to  the  floor. 

7.  Why  is  the  floor  so  far  from  the 

ground? 

8.  Of  what  is  the  floor  made? 

9.  With  what  are  the  sides  of  your 

house  covered? 

10.  How  many  windows  are  in  your 

house? 

1 1.  How  many  doors  are  there? 


28 


INDUSTRIAL  EXERCISES 


This  picture  shows  how  a 
loom  can  be  made  from  a  cigar 
box.  The  box  should  be  about 
14  cm  by  20  cm. 

On  each  end  put  a  row  of 
19  pins  5  mm  apart.  These  pins 
hold  the  warp  threads. 

From  the  cover  of  the  cigar 
box  make  the  heddle.  The  heddle  is  used  to  raise  and 
lower  the  warp  threads.  Make  the  heddle  11.5  cm 
long  and  7  cm  wide. 

Study  the  picture  carefully.  You  see  that  the  first 
warp  passes  through  the  first  slit.  The  second  warp 
passes  through  the  first  hole.  How  many  slits  are  there? 
How  many  holes? 

First  make  a  drawing  of  the  heddle.  The  slits  should 
be  4  cm  long  and  3  mm  wide.  The  holes  should  be 
3  mm  in  diameter.  The  holes  are  in  a  row  through  the 
middle  of  the  heddle.  How  far  should  it  be  from  slit  to 
hole?  How  far  from  slit  to  slit?  Cut  the  edges  of  the 
slits  and  holes  smooth. 

How  many  heddles  has  the  loom  on  page  105? 
Point  them  out. 

Make  a  bobbin  of  the  cigar  box  cover.  Make 
it  12  cm  by  5  cm.  For  what  is  the  bobbin  used? 
Use  this  loom  for  weaving  fine  mats.  (See  page 
108.) 

To  the  Teacher :  The  pupils  should  first  make  and  use  the  loom  as  directed 
on  page  80.  Later  have  them  make  looms  like  the  one  here  described  but  larger. 
See  the  chapter  on  "  Textile  Weaving." 


CONVERSATION  AND  VOCABULARY  DRILL   29 
THE  COCONUT 


What  kind  of  trees  do  you  see? 

What  grows  on  these  trees? 

Can  you  tell  what  the  horses  are  carrying? 

What  is  copra? 

Wrhere  do  you  think  the  horses  are  going? 


coconut  grove 
coconut  palm 
coconut  milk 
coconut  oil 
coconut  wine 
pack  horse 


husk 

shell 

meat 

copra 

fuel 

burn 


export 

exporter 

import 

importer 

petroleum 

lamp 


READING  AND  CONVERSATION 


The  boys  are  in  a  coconut 
grove.  Pedro  is  climbing  a 
tree.  He  will  pick  some  co- 
conuts and  throw  them  down 
to  Juan. 

The  coconut  has  a  thick 
coat.  This  coat  is  the  husk. 
Juan  is  taking  off  the  husk. 
Under  the  husk  is  the  shell. 
When  the  coconut  is  ripe, 
the  shell  is  very  hard. 

Juan  will  cut  off  one  end  of 
the    coconut   with    his    bolo. 
The  coconut  is  full  of  good, 
sweet  milk.     Pedro  and  Juan 
like  to  drink  the  milk. 
Pedro  will  take  out  some  of  the  meat  with  his 
knife.    The  boys  will  eat  it.     They  will  take  some 
coconuts  home  to  their  mother.     For  what  can 
your  mother  use  coconuts? 

Pilar  is  carrying  home  the  husks.  She  will 
burn  them  in  the  stove.  Pilar  will  cook  rice  for 
the  boys.  She  will  take  the  rice  from  the  pot  with 
a  spoon.  The  spoon  is  made  of  coconut  shell. 

We  get  oil  from  the  coconut.  We  can  burn 
the  oil.  It  gives  us  light  at  night. 


CONVERSATION  AND  WRITING 

1.  Where  does  the  coconut  tree  grow? 

2.  What  kind  of  leaves  has  it? 

3.  Where  do  the  coconuts  grow? 

4.  How  many  nuts  grow  on  a  tree? 

5.  What  shape  is  the  nut? 

6.  How  large  is  it? 

7.  What  is  outside  the  shell? 

8.  What  is  inside  the  shell? 

9.  How  does  the  meat  taste? 

10.  How  much  milk  is  in  a  coconut? 


1.  Do  many  coconuts  grow  in  your  province? 

2.  In  what  province  are  large  coconut  groves? 

3.  What  is  copra  ? 

4.  How  can  we  make  copra? 

5.  For  what  is  it  used? 

6.  How  is  coconut  oil  made? 

7.  For  what  can  we  use  the  oil  ? 

8.  For  what  can  your  mother  use  coconut  milk? 

9.  For  what  is  the  husk  used? 

10.  What  useful  thing  can  you  make  of  the  husk? 

1 1.  What  can  you  make  of  the  shell? 

12.  For  what  can  we  use  the  leaves? 


INDUSTRIAL  EXERCISES 


Weave  a  small  door  mat.  Use  the  bamboo  loom  that 
you  have  made.  (See  page  80.) 

Warp  the  loom  with  strong  twisted  fiber.  Thread  two 
weaving  needles  with  the  same  kind  of  fiber.  With  one 
needle  begin  to  weave  on  the  right  and  weave  across 
once.  Then  with  the  other  begin  on  the  left  and  weave 
across  once.  In  this  way,  weave  across  three  times  with 
each  woof  thread. 

Weave  a  bundle  of  coconut  husk  fiber  around  each 
warp.  Then  with  the  needle  on  the  right,  pass  around 
the  end  warp  and  weave  across  once.  Do  the  same  with 
the  other  needle.  Proceed  in  this  way,  weaving  a  row 
of  fiber,  then  two  woofs. 

While  weaving,  batten  each  row  firmly  against  the 
weave.  Trim  each  row  of  coconut  fiber  so  that  the  fiber 
is  about  2  cm  deep  on  the  mat. 

Finish  the  mat  by  weaving  the  woof  across  six  times. 
Sew  a  braided  rope  around  the  edge  of  the  mat  to  make 
it  firm.  If  the  mat  is  well  made,  the  coconut  fibers  will 
be  thick  and  even. 

To  the  Teacher :  Simple  loom  weaving  should  precede  this  exercise.  En- 
courage the  children  to  make  large  door  mats, — 40  cm  x  60  cm  is  a  good  size. 
There  ought  to  be  a  ready  sale  for  such  mats. 


CONVERSATION  AND  VOCABULARY  DRILL    33 
THE  FISH 


Count  the  fish  in  this  picture, 

Where  are  the  fish  ? 

What  are  they  doing  ? 

What  do  fish  like  to  eat  ? 

Can  you  tell  the  names  of  these  fish  ? 


fish  (n.  &  v.) 

fishing 

fished 

scales 

fins 

gills 


eggs 

spawn 

hatchery 

sea 

lake 

river 


jelly-fish 

sea  urchin 

starfish 

sponge 

oyster 

seaweed 


34 


READING    AND    CONVERSATION 


The  fish  lives  in  the  water.  It  cannot  live  on 
land. 

The  fish  breathes  with  its  gills.  How  do  you 
breathe  ?  Can  you  breathe  under  water  ? 

I  like  to  see  the  fish  swim.  It  cannot  walk  or 
fly.  I  swim  with  my  hands  and  feet.  The  fish 
swims  with  its  fins  and  tail. 

Count  the  fins  on  this  fish.  Tell  where  they 
are. 

Some  fish  wear  hard  coats.  These  coats  are 
of  scales.  The  water  cannot  go  through  these 
coats.  Have  you  ever  seen  a  fish  without 
scales  ? 

Some  fish  live  in  the  sea.  They  are  called 
salt-water  fish.  Some  of  them  are  very  large. 

There  are  many  small  fish  in  rivers  and  lakes. 
We  call  them  fresh-water  fish. 

Turtles,  crabs,  and  frogs  also  live  in  water. 


CONVERSATION    AND    WRITING 

1.  Where  does  the  fish  live? 

2.  How  does  the  fish  use  its  gills? 

3.  Where  are  the  gills? 

4.  What  is  the  color  of  the  gills? 

5.  How  does  the  fish  swim? 

6.  Where  are  the  fins? 

7.  What  fish  has  large  scales? 

8.  What  fish  has  no  scales? 

9.  What  does  the  fish  eat? 

10.  How  does  the  fish  get  its  food? 

1 1.  What  other  animals  live  in  water? 


35 


1.  Is  your  town  on  a  river  or  on  the  sea? 

2.  What  kind  of  fish  can  you  buy  in  your  market? 

3.  How  much  do  you  pay  for  a  large  fish? 

4.  How  large  was  the  largest  fish  you  ever  saw? 

5.  What  kind  of  fish  was  it?     What  color  was  this 

fish? 

6.  Write  the  names  of  some  fresh-water  fish. 

7.  Name  some  salt-water  fish. 

8.  Give  the  names  of  some  big  fish. 

9.  Name  some  little  fish. 

10.  What  fish  do  you  like  best? 


INDUSTRIAL  EXERCISES 


...h 


Fishermen  and  hunters  use  nets  to  catch  game.  Net! 
can  be  put  to  other  uses  as  well. 

The  only  tools  necessary  are  the  bobbin  (a)  and  the 
mesh  stick  (^).  Both  may  be  made  of  bamboo,  but  hard 
wood  is  better.  Abaca  or  maguey  can  be  used  for 
strong  nets  with  coarse  meshes.  For  fine  nets  with 
small  meshes,  linen  or  cotton  thread  is  best. 

The  first  picture  shows  how  to  make  a  simple  net 
knot.  Other  knots  are  shown  on  page  56.  Be  sure  to 
make  all  the  meshes  the  same  size. 

Make  a  net  bag  for  school-books  like  the  one  in  the 
picture  above.  First  make  two  strong  rings  of  bejuco 
for  the  handles.  Cover  the  rings  with  abaca,  raffia, 
lupis,  or  thin  strips  of  bejuco,  as  shown  in  the  second 
picture.  Begin  your  net  by  tying  the  cords  on  the  rings. 

Very  fine  bags  in  which  ladies  may  carry  handkerchiefs 
or  purses  can  be  made  of  silk  threads.  Such  bags  may 
be  lined  with  an  inner  bag  of  silk. 

Flower-pots  may  be  covered  with  nets  woven  of 
raffia  or  lupis.  (See  page  68.) 

To  the  Teacher:  Read  the  chapters  "Braids"  and  "Knots  and  Nets." 
Let  the  pupils  learn  the  net  knot  used  by  fishermen  of  their  locality. 


CONVERSATION  AND  VOCABULARY  DRILL   37 
FISHING 


Where  are  the  men  ? 

What  are  they  doing  ? 

W'hat  do  they  do'  with  the  net  ? 

What  do  you  call  these  men  ? 

What  kind  of  fish  can  they  catch  ? 


net 

dip  net 
scoop  net 
dragnet 
sinker 
float 


pole 

line 

hook 

bait  (n.  &  v.) 

weir 

trap 


bait  the  hook 
set  the  net 
draw  in  the  net 
dry  the  net 
bait  basket 
fish  basket 


READING    AND    CONVERSATION 


Jose  is  fishing.  How  still  he  holds 
his  pole  ! 

He  has  a  fat  worm  on  his  hook.  A 
hungry  fish  sees  the  worm.  It  will 
bite  the  worm. 

Jose  pulls  up  his  line. 
Poor  fish,  it  cannot  get  away.     Jose  puts  it  into 
his  basket.     He  will  take  it  home. 

The  men  in  the  boats  are  fishing  in  the  sea. 
They  have  a  long  net  between  the  boats.  The 
net  is  under  the  water. 

See  the  men  pull  in  the  net.  How  heavy  it  is  ! 
The  net  is  full  of  fish.  The  men  will  put  the  fish 
into  the  boat  and  take  them  to  market  to  sell. 

The  fisherman  can  catch  fish  at  night.  He 
holds  a  candle  in  one  hand.  The  fish  like  the  light. 
They  cannot  see  the  man.  The  man  will  catch 
the  fish  in  his  trap. 


CONVERSATION    AND    WRITING 


39 


1.  Where  is  Jose  fishing? 

2.  What  things  does  he  use? 

3.  Of  what  is  his  pole  made? 

4.  Why  does  he  want  a  long  pole? 

5.  Why  does  Jose  put  a  worm  on  the  hook? 
What  else  can  he  use  for  bait? 

Why  is  the  hook  sharp? 
How  does  Jose  know  when 

the  fish  bites  the  worm? 
Why  does  he  have  a  basket? 
Why  does  he  catch  fish? 


Where  are  the  men  fishing? 
How  do  they  catch  fish? 
Of  what  is  the  net  made? 
Who  makes  the  net? 


What  makes  the  net  go  down  into  the  water? 

6.  What  fish  can  they  catch  in  the  net? 

7.  What  fish  can  we  catch  at  night? 

8.  Why  does  the  man  have  a  candle? 

9.  How  does  he  catch  the  fish? 

10.  Of  what  is  the  fish-trap  made? 

1 1.  What  do  you  call  a  fish-trap? 


INDUSTRIAL  EXERCISES 


Make  a  fish  trap  like  No.  3.  Let  it  be  25  cm  tall, 
7  cm  in  diameter  at  the  small  end,  and  1 8  cm  at  the  large 
end. 

Weave  it  of  thin  bejuco  strips  4  mm  wide.  Take  1 1 
strips  65  cm  long.  Weave  them  in  the  middle,  as  shown 
in  the  first  picture.  These  strips  form  22  of  the  spokes. 
Add  a  twenty-third  spoke,  (a)  No.  2.  With  one  end  of 
this  added  spoke,  begin  to  weave,  bending  the  spokes 
upward,  as  the  second  picture  shows. 

First  weave  under  one  spoke;  then  over  two;  then 
under  two ;  then  over  one.  After  this,  weave  under  two 
and  over  two,  going  round  and  round.  Keep  the  spokes 
at  equal  distances  apart.  The  distance  between  the 
spokes  grows  greater  nearer  the  top.  Finish  the  top 
neatly,  as  is  shown  in  No.  3. 

With  this  weave,  you  can  make  a  strong  and  attractive 
wastebasket  for  your  home.  You  will,  however,  need  a 
greater  number  of  spokes  to  make  the  bottom  large 
enough. 

To  the  Teacher:  Let  the  pupils  learn  from  fishermen  the  different  weaves 
employed  in  making  traps  and  let  them  apply  those  weaves  to  other  practical  pur- 
poses. See  the  chapter  on  "Web  Weave  "  for  applications. 


CONVERSATION  AND  VOCABULARY  DRILL   41 
THE  FOREST 


What  is  the  man  doing  with  the  ax  ? 

Which  way  will  the  tree  fall? 

What  are  the  men  doing  with  the  saw  ? 

How  many  logs  do  you  see  ? 

What  will  the  men  do  with  the  logs  ? 


tree 

trunk 

bark 

branch 

limb 

twig 


leaf 

leaves 

log 

board 

seedling 

sapling 


sawmill 
woodcutter 
forester 
ranger 
forest  fire 
Arbor  Day 


READING    AND    CONVERSATION 


Many  large  trees  grow  in  the  forest.  Have 
you  ever  been  in  a  forest? 

The  forest  is  the  home  of  birds  and  wild  ani- 
mals. The  birds  build  their  nests  in  the  trees. 
The  monkeys  jump  and  play  among  the  branches. 
How  happy  they  are! 

The  wood-cutter  cuts   down  the   tree  with  a 
sharp   ax.       How  the   chips   fly!      He   cuts   the 
branches  off  the  trunk.     Then  two  men  saw 
the  trunk  into  logs.     How  the  saw  sings  ! 

The  carabaos  are  hauling  a  log  to  town. 
Count  the  carabaos.  Is  the  log  heavy  ? 
How  can  you  tell? 

These  men  are  sawing  a 
log  into  boards.  The  car- 
penter will  use  the  boards. 
He  can  make  boxes,  tables, 
benches,  and  desks  of  boards. 


CONVERSATION   AND   WRITING  43 


1.  What  is  a  forest? 

2.  Do  people  live  in  the  forest? 

3.  What  birds  live  in  the  forest? 

4.  \Vhat  wild  animals  do  we  find  there? 

5.  What  does  the  wood-cutter  do? 

6.  What  tools  does  he  use? 

7.  How  does  he  take  the  logs  to  town? 

8.  What  can  be  made  of  the  logs  ? 

9.  What    things    in    the    school-room    are    made 

boards? 
10.  What  things  at  home  are  made  of  boards? 


1.  Is  there  a  large  forest  near  your  town? 

2.  Write  the  names  of  some  large  trees. 

3.  What  wood  is  very  hard? 

4.  What  wood  makes  the  best  posts? 

5.  What  wood  is  used  for  doors? 

6.  What  wood  makes  pretty  tables? 

7.  What  wood  is  used  for  boats? 

8.  Of  what  wood  can  we  make  canes? 

9.  Of  what  wood  is  your  desk  made? 

10.  What  wood  do  the  ants  like  to  eat? 

1 1.  What  wood  do  the  ants  not  like  to  eat? 


44 


INDUSTRIAL  EXERCISES 


You  can  make  a  stand  for  The  Philip- 
pine Chart  or  music  chart. 

Make  the  chart  stand  of  the  same  dimen- 
sions and  in  the  same  way  as  the  clothes 
rack  on  page  96.  The  chart  stand,  however, 
has  no  pegs  in  the  upright.  Trim  the  top 
edges  of  the  upright  round  so  that  the 
chart  will  not  tear.  Get  a  large  nail  that  fits 
the  hole  in  the  chart  stick.  Drive  the  nail 
into  the  top  of  the  upright.  File  off  the 
nail  head. 

Sometimes    your   teacher    puts    models 
for  industrial  work  before  the  class.     The 
picture  shows  how  the  chart  stand  can  be 
,made  to  hold  these  models. 

The  shelf  for  holding  the  models  is  a 
board  about  20  cm  wide,  30  cm  long,  and  2  cm  thick. 
In  one  end  of  the  board  cut  a  square  hole.  The  hole 
must  be  just  large  enough  to  let  the  upright  pass  through 
it  easily.  As  the  picture  shows,  a  small  three-cornered 
brace  is  fastened  to  the  under  side  of  the  shelf.  This 
brace  is  not  attached  to  the  upright.  The  shelf  is  held 
in  place  by  a  wooden  peg,  as  the  picture  shows.  The 
wooden  peg  runs  through  a  hole  in  the  upright  and  ex- 
tends about  5  cm  on  each  side.  If  holes  are  bored 
through  the  upright  at  different  heights,  the  shelf  can  be 
raised  and  lowered.  Let  the  holes  be  10  cm  apart. 

The  shelf  should  be  taken  off  before  the  chart  is  put 
on  the  stand. 


CONVERSATION  AND  VOCABULARY  DRILL    45 
THE  GARDEN 


What  are  these  boys  making  ? 

What  is  each  boy  doing? 

What  tool  is  each  boy  using  ? 

What  are  the  tools  made  of  ? 

Why  is  there  a  fence  around  the  garden  ? 


spade  (n.  &  v.) 

spading 

hoe  (n.  &  v.) 

hoeing 

rake  (n.  &  v.) 

raking 


weed  (n.  &  v.) 

weeding 

fertilize 

fertilizer 

cultivate 

mulch 


plant  (n.  &   v.) 

transplant 

seed 

fruit 

vegetables 

flowers 


46 


READING    AND    CONVERSATION 


Let  us  make  a  garden.  We  must  first  turn  the 
soil  with  a  spade.  Seeds  cannot  grow  in  hard  soil. 
Chop  the  soil  fine  with  the  hoe,  Benito.  Pick 
out  the  grass.  Grass  will  kill  the  young  plants. 
We  shall  rake  the  garden.  Now  the  soil  is  soft 
and  fine.  We  shall  plant  vegetable  seeds. 

Antonio,  make  a  straight  row  with  your  stick. 
Plant  some  radish  seeds  in  the  row.     Now  cover 
the  seeds  with  a  little  soil. 

Manuel  is  sowing  some  tomato 
seeds.  By  and  by  he  will  set  out 
the  little  tomato  plants. 

Now,  boys,  take  care  of  the  gar- 
den.     Do   not   let  the  weeds   and 
grass  grow.     Keep  the  soil   loose 
and  soft.      Soon  we  shall  have  fresh  vegetables. 


CONVERSATION    AND    WRITING  47 

1.  What  is  a  garden? 

2.  How  do  we  make  a  garden? 

3.  What  tools  do  we  use? 

4.  Of  what  are  the  tools  made? 

5.  Why  do  we  turn  the  soil  with  a  spade? 

6.  Why  does  the  farmer  plow  the  field  ? 

7.  Why  do  we  pick  out  the  grass? 

8.  What  do  we  do  with  the  rake  ? 

9.  What  is  the  best  month  for  making  a  garden? 

10.  Why  is  it  the  best  month? 

1 1.  Draw  a  picture  of  a  spade,  a  hoe,  a  rake. 


1.  Where  do  we  plant  seeds? 

2.  Where  do  we  get  the  seeds? 

3.  What  kind  of  seeds  are  the  boys  planting? 

4.  How  do  you  plant  radish  seeds? 

5.  What  part  of  the  radish  do  we  eat? 

6.  What  seeds  do  ants  eat? 

7.  What  kind  of  plants  do  we  set  out? 

8.  What  do  you  do  when  weeds  and  grass  grow 

in  the  garden? 

9.  Write  the  names  of  five  vegetables. 
10.  What  vegetable  do  you  like  best? 


48  INDUSTRIAL  EXERCISES 

Every  yard  and  especially  every  garden  should  have 
a  fence  around  it.  This  fence  must  be  strong  enough  to 
keep  out  all  animals  and  attractive  enough  to  add  beauty 
to  the  place  it  surrounds. 

The  best  fence  is  made  of  •trimmed  wood  posts  and 
wire.  Vines  can  be  planted  around  the  posts,  and  in  a 
short  time  they  will  cover  the  posts  and  hide  many  of  the 
wires.  Another  good  fence  is  made  by  using  wood 
posts  and  wood  pickets.  Bamboo  makes  poor  fence 
posts,  because  it  rots  easily. 

One  school  made  a  fence  as  follows:  The  pupils  got 
cuttings  of  tangan-tangan  (katumbao,  in  Ilokano).  They 
planted  the  cuttings  about  25  cm  apart.  Then  they 
wove  in  a  bamboo  strip  at  the  top  and  the  bottom.  The 
plants  grew  rapidly,  and  their  branches  formed  a  thick 
fence.  When  the  plants  were  about  one  meter  high,  the 
tops  were  trimmed  off  square.  Such  a  fence  is  called  a 
shrub  fence  or  hedge.  Animals  do  not  eat  tangan- 
tangan,  because  its  bark  and  leaves  are  poisonous. 
Madre  de  cacao  may  be  used  in  place  of  tangan-tangan. 

The  hibiscus,  or  gumamela,  with  its  beautiful  red  blos- 
soms and  thick  foliage,  makes  a  most  attractive  and  use- 
ful hedge. 

All  fences  and  hedges  must  be  kept  in  repair.  Hedges 
should  be  trimmed  often,  in  order  to  look  well.  Gates 
should  be  made  of  wood  and  should  swing  on  wooden 
posts.  They  should  be  made  so  that  they  will  close 
easily  and  will  stay  closed. 

To   the  Teacher:     Read   the   chapter,    "Agriculture   and   Gardening." 


CONVERSATION  AND  VOCABULARY  DRILL  49 
THE  HOME 


What  do  you  see  in  this  picture? 

What  makes  this  home  beautiful  ? 

Is  any  one  working? 

Who  are  playing? 

Does  the  baby  like  her  horse  ? 


yard 

well 

clean 

healthy 

filthy 

unhealthy 


house 

walls 

roof 

veranda 

ceiling 

window  shade 


living  room 
dining  room 
kitchen 
bedroom 
bath  room 
furniture 


READING    AND    CONVERSATION 


Antonio  has  a  beautiful  home.  He  loves  his 
home  and  likes  to  keep  it  clean. 

His  father  catches  fish  and  sells  them  in  the 
market.  He  brings  home  a  big  one  to  eat. 

Antonio's  mother  is  cooking  the  good,  big  fish. 
The  rice  is  in  the  pot  on  the  stove.  Antonio  has 
brought  some  radishes  from  his  garden.  Here 
comes  Pilar  with  bread  from  the  baker. 

Pilar  and  her  mother  put  the  rice,  fish,  radishes, 
and  bread  on  the  table.  Antonio  calls  his  father 
to  dinner. 

Now  they  must  wash  the  dishes.  Antonio  gets 
the  hot  water  from  the  pot.  Pilar  plays  with  her 
baby  brother.  Pilar  likes  to  help  her  mother. 
When  she  is  older,  she  will  go  to  school  with 
Antonio. 


CONVERSATION    AND    WRITING  51 

1.  How  many  rooms  are  in  your  house? 

2.  What  do  you  call  the  largest  room? 

3.  What  do  you  do  in  the  kitchen? 

4.  How  do  you  keep  the  floors  clean? 

5.  How  do  you  keep  the  yard  clean  ? 

6.  Why  do  we  plant  flowers  in  the  yard? 

7.  How  can  you  help  your  mother  ? 

8.  What  do  you  need  when  you  sleep? 

9.  Why  do  you  boil  water  before  you  drink  it? 

10.  With  what  kind  of  water  do  you  wash  dishes? 

1 1.  Why  is  it  good  to  have  trees  near  the  house? 

12.  How  can  you  help  your  father? 


1.  On  what  street  do  you  live? 

2.  How  many  persons  are  in  your  family? 

3.  How  many  brothers  have  you? 

4.  How  many  sisters  have  you? 

5.  Write  the  names  of  your  brothers  and  sisters. 

6.  Have  you  a  baby  in  your  home? 

7.  Who  takes  care  of  the  baby? 

8.  What  does  your  father  do? 

9.  Who  cooks  your  dinner? 

10.   Wrhat  games  do  you  play  with  your  brothers 
and  sisters? 


INDUSTRIAL  EXERCISES 


Make  a  window  shade 
of  thin  bamboo  strips 
about  5  mm  wide.  Cut 
the  strips  evenly. 

Measure  your  window. 
How  wide  is  it?  Your  shade  should  be  about  10  cm 
wider  than  the  window.  How  long  will  you  cut  your 
strips?  How  high  is  your  window?  Your  shade  should 
be  about  10  cm  longer. 

For  the  top  of  the  shade,  use  a  strong  piece  of  bamboo. 
On  this  piece  mark  the  points  where  your  weaving  cords 
will  be  tied.  The  pair  of  cords  nearest  to  each  end 
should*  be  about  5  cm  from  the  end.  The  next  pairs 
come  about  5  cm  from  the  end  pairs.  The  other  pairs 
of  cords  may  be  from  10  cm  to  15  cm  apart. 

Use  fine,  strong  cord.  Wind  each  cord  on  a  bobbin. 
Tie  a  pair  of  cords  at  each  point  marked  on  the  top 
bamboo  stick.  The  picture  shows  how  the  thin  strips 
are  woven  in.  Always  pass  the  cords  from  front  to  back, 
and  from  back  to  front.  Then  hold  the  strips  in  place 
by  sticking  one  of  the  bobbins  of  each  pair  of  cords  in 
the  weave,  as  the  picture  shows.  Pull  the  cords  tight, 
so  that  the  strips  will  be  woven  in  securely.  When  the 
last  strip  is  put  in,  tie  the  cords.  The  strip  at  the  bottom 
should  be  as  strong  as  the  one  at  the  top. 

To  the  Teacher:  Have  the  pupils  first  weave  a  small  shade.  A  profitable 
industry  of  making  window  shades  could  be  developed.  Many  bamboo  shades 
are  now  imported  from  Japan  and  China.  An  exhibit  of  industrial  work  done  in 
Pampanga  province  contains  a  device  for  weaving  window  shades,  information 
about  which  teachers  may  get  from  the  Division  Superintendent  of  that  province. 


CONVERSATION  AND  VOCABULARY  DRILL    53 
HUNTING 


Why  did  the  wild  chicken  fly? 
Why  is  the  deer  standing  still  ? 
Does  the  deer  see  the  man  ? 
W^hat  is  the  man  doing? 
WThy  did  he  come  here  ? 


hunt 

hunter 

hunting  (n.  &  v.) 

bow  and  arrow 

spear 

spearhead 


gun 
shot  gun 
rifle 
revolver 

shot   (n.   &    v.) 
cartridge 
cartridge  belt 
bullet 

ammunition 
powder 

load  a  gun 
set  a  trap 

54 


READING    AND    CONVERSATION 


These  men  are  hunting  wild  pigs.  They  spread 
out  a  net  in  the  forest.  Then  the  men  and  the 
dogs  drive  the  pigs  into  the  net. 

What  a  noise  they  make  !  The  men  are  shout- 
ing and  the  dogs  are  barking.  Some  men  have 
spears  and  some  have  bolos.  They  will  kill  the 
pig.  Look  out,  boy,  the  pig  will 
hurt  you  with  its  tusks. 

Wild  pigs  are  very  good  to  eat. 
This  is  a  snare  to  catch  a  wild 
chicken.  The  chicken  will  come  to 
eat  the  bait.  How  does  the  snare 
catch  the  chicken  ?  Wild  chickens 
and  pigeons  are  good  to  eat. 

Bad  boys  sometimes  catch  pretty 
song-birds  with  snares. 


CONVERSATION    AND    WRITING  55 


1.  Name  the  birds  in  this  picture. 

2.  Do  they  sing?     Are  they  good  to  eat? 

3.  How  can  you  catch  wild  chickens  or  pigeons? 

4.  How  can  men  catch  ducks? 

5.  Where  can  we  find  ducks? 

6.  In  what  months  do  we  hunt  ducks? 

7.  Have  you  a  blow-gun? 

8.  Why  is  it  wrong  to  kill  song-birds? 

9.  Write  the  names  of  four  song-birds. 


1.  Why  does  the  man  hunt  wild  animals? 

2.  What  does  the  hunter  use  for  hunting? 

3.  How  does  he  hunt  deer? 

4.  What  can  he  do  with  the  deer-skin? 

5.  How  can  he  catch  the  wild  pig? 

6.  What  can  he  make  of  the  tusks  of  the  pig? 

7.  How  is  the  wild  pig  different  from  the  pig 

at  home? 

8.  What  other  wild  animals  can  we  hunt? 

9.  What  meat  do  you  like  best? 


INDUSTRIAL  EXERCISES 


After  you  have  learned  how  to  make  a  net  like  that  on 
page  36,  you  will  be  able  to  make  a  hammock. 

For  the  end  pieces  of  the  hammock,  use  two  pieces  of 
wood  80  cm  long,  6  cm  wide,  and  3  cm  thick.  Round 
the  edges  as  the  picture  shows.  Tie  a  rope  about  2.25  m 
long  at  each  end  of  one  stick.  These  ropes  form  the 
edges  of  the  hammock,  as  the  picture  shows. 

Begin  weaving  the  net  on  the  stick  to  which  the  ropes 
are-  tied.  Weave  the  first  and  last  mesh  of  each  row 
around  the  ropes.  Weave  until  the  hammock  is  long 
enough.  Weave  the  last  row  of  meshes  around  the 
second  stick.  Tie  the  ropes  to  the  ends  of  this  stick. 

Make  the  weaving  loose  near  the  middle  of  the  ham- 
mock, so  that  it  looks  as  the  picture  shows. 


To  the  Teacher:  Read  the  chapter  on  "Knots  and  Nets."  Simple  work  in 
net  weaving  should  be  given  before  the  hammock  is  attempted.  The  children  may 
use  for  the  hammock  some  other  knot  than  the  one  here  suggested.  Hammocks 
might  be  made  to  sell.  Pupils  might  also  be  taught  how  to  make  hammocks  of 
bejuco,  the  art  of  which  some  Filipinos  know. 


CONVERSATION  AND  VOCABULARY  DRILL    57 
THE  MARKET 


Where  are  these  people  ? 

What  are  they  here  for? 

Point  to  some  one  selling  a  fish. 

Who  is  buying  the  fish? 

W^hat  can  the  people  buy  in  this  market  ? 


merchant 

license 

money 

coins 

cheap 

dear 


expensive 
too  expensive 
measure  (n.  &  v.) 
dry  measure 
wet  measure 
ganta  measure 


liter 

vara-stick 

meter-stick 

scales 

weigh 

weight 


READING   AND    CONVERSATION 


These  people  live  in  the  barrios.  They  are 
going  to  the  market.  The  fisherman  has  a  basket 
of  fish.  What  are  the  women  carrying?  What  is 
the  man  carrying  in  his  two  baskets  ? 

Felisa  is  going  to  the  market.  She 
will  buy  some  things  for  dinner.  Her 
mother  gave  her  40  centavos. 

What   a  noisy  place  the    market  is! 
Everybody  is  talking.    Some  are  selling 
and  some  are  buying. 

Felisa  sees  a  big  fish.  The  fisher- 
man wants  20  centavos.  That  is  too 
much.  Felisa  buys  another  fish  for  15  centavos. 
She  gives  the  man  a  2O-centavo  piece.  How 
much  does  he  give  Felisa? 

Felisa  buys  four  eggs  for  10  centavos,  and  she 
pays  5  centavos  for  some  bananas. 


CONVERSATION    AND    WRITING  59 

1.  Where  are  these  people  going? 

2.  What  will  they  do  with  the  things  they  are  carrying 

in  the  baskets? 

3.  Why  does  the  farmer  take  the  rice  to  the  market? 

4.  What  will  the  fisherman  get  for  his  fish? 

5.  \Vhy  does  Felisa  go  to  the  market? 

6.  What  has  she  in  her  basket? 

7.  How  much  does  she  pay  for  a  fish? 

8.  How  much  money  does  she  spend? 

9.  How  much  money  does  she  take  home? 


1.  What  day  is  market-day  in  your  town? 

2.  What  can  you  buy  in  your  market?     Name  some 

things  to  eat;   name  some  things  to  wear;   name 
some  things  to  use  at  home. 

3.  How  much  does  a  candle  cost? 

4.  How  much  does  a  ganta  of  rice  cost? 

5.  How  much  do  you  pay  for  a  chicken? 

6.  What  do  you  pay  for  a  large  jar? 

7.  How  much  petroleum  can  you  buy  for  a  half-peso? 

8.  How  many  bananas  can  you  get  for  5  centavos? 


6o 


INDUSTRIAL  EXERCISES 


To  make  a  liter  measure, 
take  a  piece  of  bamboo 
10  cm  in  diameter. 

Fill  a  liter  measure  with 
water.  Pour  the  water  into 
the  bamboo.  With  a  stick, 
measure  exactly  from  the 
top  of  the  water  to  the  top  of  the  bamboo,  as  No.  i 
shows. 

Indicate  this  distance  by  several  marks  on  the  outside 
of  the  bamboo.  (See  No.  2.)  Then  draw  a  circle  through 
these  marks.  If  your  measurements  are  accurate,  this 
circle  will  show  exactly  where  the  top  of  the  water  is. 
Empty  the  water  and  saw  off  the  top  of  the  bamboo, 
following  the  circle.  Now  pour  in  a  liter  of  water. 
Does  the  water  fill  the  bamboo  measure  exactly? 

In  the  same  way,  you  can  make  other  measures  to  hold 
smaller  or  larger  quantities. 

You  need  a  meter-stick  in  much  of  your  work.  Take 
a  straight  piece  of  wood  3  cm  wide  and  5  mm  thick. 
Cut  it  exactly  i  m  long.  Measure  the  decimeters.  How 
many  are  there?  Mark  the  dividing  lines  across  the 
stick.  Divide  the  first  decimeter  into  centimeters.  How 
many  are  there?  Mark  the  lines  half-way  across  the 
stick. 


J L 


J L 


To  the  Teacher  :  Insist  upon  accurate  measurements  in  these  exercises.  See 
Mercer-Bonsall's  Complete  Arithmetic,  Part  I,  page  109,  for  directions  for  making 
a  pair  of  balances. 


CONVERSATION  AND  VOCABULARY  DRILL    61 
PLAYING  BALL 


What  are  these  boys  playing  ? 
How  many  boys  are  playing  ? 
Where  is  the  ball  ? 
Who  will  catch  the  ball  ? 
Why  is  the  boy  running? 


team 

home  team 
visiting  team 
pitcher 
catcher 
shortstop 


first-base  man 
fielder 
batter 
umpire 
home  base 
third  base 


strike  (n.  &  v.) 

foul 

home  run 


score 


champions 
champion  team 


62 


READING    AND    CONVERSATION 


These  boys  are  playing  sipa.  They  all 
stand  in  a  large  circle.  Pedro  tosses  the  ball  and 
kicks  it  to  Maximo.  See  Maximo  kick  the  ball 
with  his  heel.  All  the  boys  watch  the  ball.  The 
ball  must  not  touch  the  ground. 


Let  us  go  to  the  plaza  and  play  ball. 
Where  are  the  bats  ?  Please  give 
one  to  me.  This  one  is  too  heavy. 
Let  me  have  a  lighter  one. 

Throw  the  ball  to  me,  Francisco, 
and  I  will  bat  it.  See  the  ball  high 
in  the  air.  Run,  boys,  run!  Do  not 
fall !  Catch  it,  Juan  ! 

That  is  a  good  catch.  Now  you 
may  bat. 


CONVERSATION   AND   WRITING  63 

1.  What  game  are  these  boys  playing? 

2.  How  many  boys  can  play  this  game  ? 

3.  How  do  you  play  this  game  ? 

4.  Of  what  is  the  sipa  ball  made  ? 

5.  How  is  it  different  from  a. base-ball? 

6.  With  what  is  the  base-ball  covered  ? 

7.  How  can  you  make  a  ball  ? 

8.  How  far  can  you  throw  a  ball  ? 

9.  What  can  you  do  with  a  bat? 
10.   How  long  is  a  bat? 


1.  Can  you  play  base-ball? 

2.  How  many  teams  play  in  a  game  of  base- 

ball ? 

3.  How  many  boys  are  in  a  team  ? 

4.  What  things  do  you  have  for  playing  base- 

ball ? 

5.  Where  does  the  catcher  stand  ? 

6.  Why  does  he  wear  a  big  glove  ? 

7.  Where  does  the  pitcher  stand  ? 

8.  What  does  the  pitcher  do  ? 

9.  What  does  the  boy  do  when  he  strikes  the 

ball? 
10.   How  many  bases  are  there? 


INDUSTRIAL  EXERCISES 


To  make  a  base-ball  cover,  wind  twisted  abaca  into  a 
round  ball,  until  it  measures  exactly  22.5  cm  around. 

Make  the  cover  of  two  pieces  of  soft,  strong  leather. 
Shape  each  piece  like  the  picture  above,  but  make  each 
one  twice  as  long  and  twice  as  wide. 

Draw  a  pattern  of  the  cover  piece.  Make  all  lines 
twice  as  long  as  above,  and  all  distances  between  lines 
twice  as  great.  Measure  the  horizontal  line.  Draw  it 
exactly  19  cm  long.  How  far  is  the  first  vertical  line 
from  the  end  of  the  hori- 
zontal line  ?  How  far  will  it 
be  in  your  drawing?  Draw 
all  the  vertical  lines.  Draw 
the  curved  lines  to  touch 
the  ends  of  all  lines,  as  in  the 
picture. 

Cut  out  the  pattern  along 
the  curved  line.  With  this 
pattern,  cut  the  two  cover 
pieces  from  the  leather. 
The  lower  picture  shows  how  to  begin  sewing  the  two 
pieces  together. 


CONVERSATION  AND  VOCABULARY  DRILL    65 
THE  POTTER 


What  are  these  men  making? 
What  material  do  they  use  ? 
What  do  you  call  these  men  ? 
What  is  the  boy  doing  ? 
WThere  is  the  potter's  wheel  ? 


pot 

potter 

pottery 

mix 

mold 

model 


flower-pot 

cooking  pot 

water  jar 

clay 

tile 

brick 


kiln 

heat  (n.  &  v.) 

bake 

glaze  (n.  &  v.) 

glazed 

unglazed 


66  READING   AND    CONVERSATION 


In  every  house  we  see  many  pots  and  jars. 

Jars  and  pots  are  made  of  clay.  Clay  is  a  kind 
of  soil.  Men  dig  it  out  of  the  ground.  Dry  clay 
is  very  hard. 

The  men  put  water  on  the  clay  and  make  it 
soft.  Then  they  can  make  the  jars.  A  man  who 
makes  jars  and  pots  is  called  a  potter. 

The  potter  puts  a  large  piece  of  soft  clay  on 
the  wheel.  The  boy  turns  the  wheel  with  his  foot. 
How  fast  he  makes  the  wheel  spin!  The  potter 
forms  the  clay  with  his  hands,  and  soon  he  has  a 
jar. 

Do  not  touch  the  jar.  We  shall  let  it  dry. 
Then  we  must  put  it  over  a  hot  fire.  Tomorrow 
the  jar  will  be  hard. 

Stoves,  also,  are  made  of  clay. 


CONVERSATION    AND   WRITING  67 

1.  Of  what  are  jars  and  pots  made  ? 

2.  What  is  clay  ?     What  color  is  it  ? 

3.  Do  plants  grow  in  clay  ? 

4.  Describe  dry  clay. 

5.  How  does  wet  clay  feel  ? 

6.  Is  the  jar  the  same  color  as  the  clay? 

7.  What  is  the  difference  between  a  jar  and  a  pot  ? 

8.  For  what  are  jars  and  pots  used  ? 

9.  Why  do  we  keep  drinking-water  in  jars  ? 

10.  What  things  at  home  are  made  of  clay? 

1 1.  What  can  you  make  of  clay  ? 


1.  What  does  the  potter  make? 

2.  Why  does  the  potter  put  water  on  the  clay  ? 

3.  What  else  does  he  mix  with  the  clay? 

4.  How  does  he  make  ajar? 

5.  How  does  the  boy  turn  the  wheel  ? 

6.  Why  does  the  potter  put  the  jar  over  the  fire  ? 

7.  How  long  must  the  jar  be  over  the  fire  ? 

8.  How  much  do  you  pay  for  a  small  pot? 

9.  What  does  a  large  jar  cost  ? 

10.  What  do  you  pay  for  a  stove  ? 

1 1.  How  many  stoves  are  there  in  the  picture  on 

page  2  ? 


68  INDUSTRIAL  EXERCISES 


If  you  cannot  make  flower-pots  of  clay,  you  can  at 
least  beautify  those  that  others  have  made. 

Large  open  windows  look  very  attractive  with  artistic 
pots  filled  with  pretty  plants  hanging  in  them.  Pots 
may  be  covered  with  an  open  weave  of  bejuco,  as  shown 
in  the  first  picture.  Probably  you  know  some  other 
pretty  open  weave  to  use.  Grasses  or  lupis  may  also 
be  used  for  this  kind  of  weave. 

Pots  may  have  a  net  of  raffia  or  abaca  woven  around 
them,  as  shown  in  the  second  picture.  Other  weaves  of 
nets  are  shown  on  page  56.  These  may  also  be  used 
for  decorating  flower-pots.  The  hanging  ropes  can  be 
made  of  braided  or  twisted  fibers. 

The  third  picture  shows  a  pot  entirely  covered  with  a 
basket  weave  of  bejuco  or  bamboo.  A  pretty  covering 
for  a  pot  may  be  woven  of  bejuco  and  twisted  grass,  raffia, 
or  sabutan.  (See  page  84.)  Basket-covered  pots  may  be 
used  for  holding  cut  flowers  in  water. 

On  page  109  is  a  design  of  a  bamboo  stand  for  flower- 
pots. 

To  the  Teacher :  Take  up  this  work  as  soon  as  the  pupils  have  learned  the 
processes  of  weaving  involved.  Encourage  the  attempt  to  strive  for  artistic  effects. 
Clay  pots  decorated  with  weaves  always  find  a  good  sale. 


CONVERSATION  AND  VOCABULARY  DRILL    69 

RICE 


Where  are  these  men  ? 
What  are  they  doing? 
Is  the  field  wet  or  dry  ? 
How  do  you  know  ? 
What  will  the  farmers  plant  ? 


rice  plantation        plow   (n.    &   v.) 

rice  field 

dike 


irrigate 

irrigation 

irrigating  ditch      harvesting 


thresh 

plowing  threshing 

harrow  (n.   &  v.)     threshing  machine 


harrowing  hull 

harvest  (n.  &  v.)     hulling 


rice  straw 


READING    AND   CONVERSATION 


In  the  rainy  season  the  farmer  plows  his  rice- 
fields.  There  is  much  water  in  the  fields.  Rice 
grows  well  in  water. 

See  the  busy  workers!  The  rice  is  ripe.  The 
men  and  boys  are  cutting  rice.  Benito  and  his 
little  brother  are  in  the  field.  The  rice  is  nearly 
as  tall  as  Benito. 

Benito  will  carry  home  a  bun- 
dle of  rice. 

Here  he  is  hulling  the  rice. 
The  chickens  are  eating  the  pa- 
lay  on  the  ground. 

Benito' s  mother  will  cook  the 
rice  for  supper.      After  supper 
Benito  will  go  to  bed.   Tomorrow  he  will  go  to 
the  field  to  cut  more  rice. 


CONVERSATION    AND   WRITING  71 

1.  When  does  the  farmer  plant  rice? 

2.  Why  does  he  plow  the  field? 

3.  Does  the  carabao  like  to  plow  in  the  wet  field? 

4.  How  does  the  farmer  plant  rice? 

5.  How  tall  does  rice  grow? 

6.  What  color  is  the  field  when 

the  rice  is  ripe? 

7.  How  do  farmers  cut  rice? 

8.  What  is  the  color  of  palay? 

9.  How  do  we  hull  the  rice? 

10.  What  is  the  color  of  rice? 

1 1.  How  does  your  mother  cook 

the  rice? 


1.  Does  rice  grow  in  your  province? 

2.  In  what  province  does  much  rice  grow? 

3.  In  what  months  does  the  farmer  plant  rice? 

4.  Why  does  he  plant  rice  in  these  months  ? 

5.  In  what  months  does  he  cut  rice? 

6.  What  insect  eats  rice? 

7.  How  can  we  keep  away  the  insects? 

8.  How  much  do  you  pay  for  a  ganta  of  rice? 

9.  How  much  does  the  merchant  get  for  a  picul  of  rice? 

10.  When  is  rice  cheap? 

1 1.  When  is  rice  dear? 


72  INDUSTRIAL  EXERCISES 


For  what  is  a  winnowing  basket  used  ?  Small  winnow- 
ing baskets  make  pretty  card  trays.  They  also  serve  to 
hold  collar  and  sleeve  buttons  and  pins. 

Make  a  small  winnowing  basket  about  20  cm  in  di- 
ameter. Weave  it  of  thin,  narrow  strips  of  bejuco  or 
bamboo.  Follow  the  pattern  of  the  basket  above. 

Finish  the  edge  neatly  with  a  strip  of  bejuco.  The 
pictures,  Nos.  i,  2,  and  3,  show  how  to  make  the  knot. 

The  winnowing  basket  makes  a  good  tray  for  serving 
refreshments.  The  tray  must  be  made  strong  and  with 
a  flat  bottom.  Make  a  tray  35  cm  in  diameter. 

Visit  a  man  who  owns  a  rice  plantation.  Get  all  the 
information  you  can  about  his  rice  crop.  On  page  92 
are  questions  about  a  cane  crop.  Use  these  same  ques- 
tions in  writing  a  report  on  the  rice  crop.  Write  the 
ten  questions,  substituting  the  word  "rice"  for  "cane." 
Write  an  answer  to  each  question.  Let  your  title  be  "A 
Report  of 'Mr.  -  -'s  Rice  Crop."  Put  the  report  into  an 
envelope  and  address  it  to  your  teacher. 

To  the  Teacher :  Preliminary  work  in  splint  weaving  should  precede  the  weav- 
ing of  a  winnowing  basket.  Small  well-made  baskets  of  this  type  find  a  good 
market  in  Manila  and  abroad,  being  useful  and  at  the  same  time  unique.  Read 
the  part  of  the  chapter,  "Industrial  Language  and  Composition  Work, "that 
relates  to  writing  crop  reports. 


CONVERSATION  AND   VOCABULARY   DRILL     73 
SABUTAN 

What  is  the  name  of  this  plant  ? 
Like  what  other  plant  does  it  look  ? 
In  what  provinces  does  it  grow  ? 
Does  it  grow  in  your  town  ? 
What  part  of  the  plant  is  useful  ? 
What  is  sabutan  fiber  used  for  ? 
Wrhat  color  is  the  fiber? 
Point  to  the  suckers. 
Wrhy  are  the  suckers  useful  ? 


school  garden 
suckers 
serrated  edges 
sharp  knife 
wilt  the  leaves 
strip  the  leaves 
fine  strips 
panlinas 
dry  the  fiber 
smooth  the  fiber 
round-edged  stick 


weaving  a  hat 
hat  weaving 
hat  weaver 
block  a  hat 
hat  block 
high  crown 
low  crown 
wide  brim 
narrow  brim 
Formosa  hat 
Panama  hat 


74 


READING  AND  CONVERSATION 


Sabutan  looks 
like  pandan,  but  it 
does  not  grow  so 
large.  It  grows 
about  as  tall  as  a 
man.  Its  leaves 
are  finer  than  pan- 
dan  leaves,  and  its 
fibers  are  stronger. 
Sabutan  is  found 
in  only  a  few  provinces.  Much  of  it  grows  in 
Laguna  and  Rizal  provinces.  Pupils  in  many 
other  places  are  now  planting  sabutan  in  their 
gardens,  and  soon  sabutan  will  be  found  in  many 
provinces. 

Can  you  get  sabutan  suckers  to  plant  in  your 
garden?  The  suckers  grow  around  the  stem  of 
the  large  plant.  In  a  year  the  suckers  now  set 
out  will  be  large  plants. 

The  fiber  of  sabutan  leaves  makes  good  hats. 
They  are  better  than  bamboo  hats,  because  they 
wear  longer;  they  are  better  than  buntal  hats, 
because  they  are  cooler.  Many  sabutan  hats 
might  be  sold  in  America  and  Europe. 

Sabutan  fiber  also  makes  pretty  mats  and 
baskets. 


CONVERSATION  AND  WRITING  75 

1.  How  tall  does  sabutan  grow? 

2.  How  long  are  the  leaves?     How  wide? 

3.  What  kind  of  edges  have  the  leaves? 

4.  How  many  leaves  can  be  cut  at  a  time  without  in- 

juring the  plant? 

5.  What  is  the  value  of  the  fiber  that  one  plant  produces 

in  a  year? 

6.  How  many  years  will  a  plant  produce  good  leaves? 

7.  Why  is  sabutan  better  for  hats  than  bamboo  ? 

8.  Why  is  a  sabutan  hat  better  than  one  of  buntal? 

9.  What  is  the  price  of  a  fine  sabutan  hat  ? 


Prepare  the  sabutan  yourself  for  weaving.  Wrrite  a 
letter  to  a  friend  telling  how  to  prepare  sabutan.  Give 
the  steps  of  the  process  in  this  order:  (i)  cutting 
leaves;  (2)  wilting  in  sun;  (3)  stripping;  (4)  tying  into 
bundles;  (5)  soaking  in  cold  water;  (6)  boiling;  (7) 
cooling;  (8)  rinsing;  (9)  drying. 

Be  sure  to  tell  how  to  strip  the  leaves;  how  long  to 
soak  the  fiber  in  cool  water,  and  how  often  to  change  the 
water;  how  long  to  boil;  how  long  to  rinse. 

To  the  Teacher  :  Read  the  chapters,  ' '  Industrial  Language  and  Composition 
Work"  and  "Materials  and  their  Preparation"  regarding  the  preparation  of 
materials  by  the  pupils  and  their  writing  out  directions  for  such  preparations. 


76  INDUSTRIAL  EXERCISES 


To  make  fine  hats  to  sell,  the  hat  weaver  must  be  very 
careful  (i)  in  preparing  and  selecting"  the  fibers,  (2)  in 
weaving  the  fibers,  and  (3)  in  getting  the  correct  shape 
and  proportions. 

Although  the  fibers  may  be  stripped  evenly,  they  will 
be  of  different  thicknesses  after  they  are  dried.  Care- 
fully select  fibers  of  uniform  thickness  for  each  hat. 

Weave  the  fibers  evenly  and  closely.  Make  neat 
joints  where  new  fibers  are  inserted. 

The  crown,  abed,  must  fit  the  head.  It  should  not 
be  round,  but  shaped  as  No.  2  shows.  The  line  a  b 
shows  the  length  from  the  front  to  the  back  of  the  hat; 
the  line  c  d  shows  the  width  from  left  to  right.  The 
crown  is  nearly  flat  on  top  and  tapers  out  a  little  toward 
the  bottom,  as  No.  i  shows.  The  crown  should  be  from  8 
cm  to  10.5  cm  high;  the  lines  a  d  and  b  c  in  No.  i  show 
the  height  of  the  crown. 

The  brim,  e  a  bf,  should  curve  up,  as  No.  i  shows. 
The  lines  a  e  and  b  f  show  the  width  of  the  brim,  which 
should  be  from  6.5  cm  to  8  cm. 

On  page  75  are  pictures  of  three  styles  of  blocking 
hats.  No.  i  is  called  a  telescope  hat ;  No.  3  is  called 
an  Alpine  hat;  No.  2  has  no  special  name. 

To  the  Teacher  :     See  the  chapter  on  "  Hat  Weaving. " 


CONVERSATION  AND  VOCABULARY  DRILL    77 
THE  SCHOOL 


Where  are  the  children  going? 
How  can  you  tell  that  this  is  a  school  ? 
Who  is  the  man  in  the  window? 
Why  are  the  boys  running  ? 
How  can  you  tell  the  time  of  day  ? 


Director  of  Education 

Division  Superintendent 

Supervisor 

Principal 

Primary  Teacher 

Janitor 


Provincial  High  School 
Central  School 
Trade  School 
Normal  School 
Primary  Department 
Intermediate  Department 


READING    AND    CONVERSATION 


The  little  pupils  are  reading  the  chart.  Hear 
the  little  boy  read,  "The  dog  can  run."  The  girls 
can  read,  too. 

How  still  the  room  is  !  All  the  pupils  are 
studying.  Some  are  reading  their  primers,  and 
some  are  writing  on  their  slates.  Soon  they  will 
recite.  They  like  to  know  their  lessons  well. 

Now  it  is  recess.  Go  out  and  play.  Run,  jump, 
and  play  ball.  It  is  good  to  be  in  the  fresh  air. 
After  play  you  will  be  able  to  study  better. 

Ding-a-ling!  Hear  the  bell!  Do  not  crowd, 
boys.  Let  the  girls  go  in  first. 

Now  you  may  take  your  loom  and  weave 
a  mat. 


CONVERSATION    AND    WRITING  79 

1.  When  does  your  school  begin  in  the  morning? 

2.  At  what  time  do  you  have  recess? 

3.  When  do  you  go  home? 

4.  How  many  hours  are  you  in  school? 

5.  How  many  school-days  are  there  in  a  week? 

6.  What  do  you  do  on  Saturday? 

7.  What  day  is  to-day? 

8.  In  what  month  does  school  begin? 

9.  In  what  month  does  school  close? 

10.  How  many  months  do  you  go  to  school? 

n.  Write  the  names  of  the  school  months. 

12.  What  month  is  this? 


1.  How  many  pupils  are  in  your  school? 

2.  How  many  teachers  are  in  this  school? 

3.  Who  is  your  teacher? 

4.  In  what  grade  are  you? 

5.  How  many  pupils  are  in  this  grade? 

6.  How  many  books  have  you?     What  do  you  do 

with  your  slate  ? 

7.  Write  the  names  of  your  books. 

8.  What  lessons  do  you  have  every  day? 

9.  Which  lesson  do  you  like  best? 

10.  Which  lesson  is  hard  for  you? 

1 1.  How  many  years  have  you  been  going  to  school? 


8o 


INDUSTRIAL  EXERCISES 


Make  a  loom  of  four  bamboo 
sticks.  Make  it  large  enough  to 
weave  a  mat  18  cm  wide  and 
24  cm  long. 

How  far  apart  should  the  short 
pieces  be  ?  The  long  pieces  ? 
How  wide  should  they  be? 

Tie  the  sticks  together  with 
twisted  abaca  or  maguey.  Which 
pieces  are  laid  on  top,  the  long  or 
the  short?  Make  each  corner  a  right  angle.  Tie  the 
frame  securely  that  it  may  hold  its  shape. 

Put  a  row  of  18  wooden  pegs  one  centimeter  apart  on 
each  of  the  shorter  sticks,  as  the  picture  shows.  These 
pegs  hold  the  warp  threads. 

Make  a  weaving  needle  of  a  thin  board  or  bamboo. 
The  weaving  needle  is  used  to  carry  the  woof  thread 
through  the  warp.  Make  the  needle  about  20  cm  long. 
The  picture  shows  how  the  needle  is  shaped.  In  this 
loom,  the  needle  does  the  work  of  bobbin,  shuttle,  hed- 
dle,  and  batten.  Can  you  tell  what  each  of  these  things 
is  used  for? 

Use  this  loom  for  weaving  the  door  mat  of  coconut- 
husk  fiber  described  on  page  32.  You  can  also  weave 
mats  of  raffia  or  cotton  on  this  loom. 

A  frame  for  embroidery  can  be  made  of  four  bamboo 
sticks  tied  together  as  for  a  loom. 


To  the  Teacher  :     Let  the  children  do  their  elementary  work  in  .textile  weaving 
on  this  loom.      Read  the  chapter,  "  Textile  Weaving." 


CONVERSATION  AND  VOCABULARY  DRILL    81 
SEWING 


What  is  Paz  doing? 

What  is  she  making  ? 

What  has  she  in  her  left  hand  ? 

What  has  she  in  her  right  hand  ? 

What  does  she  do  with  the  scissors  ? 


lace 

lace  making 

drawn  work 

embroider 

embroidering 

embroidery 


crochet 
crocheting 
crochet  hook 
knit 

knitting 
knitting  needle 


hem  (n.   &  v.) 
hemstitch 
mend 

cotton  thread 
linen  thread 
silk  thread 


82  READING    AND    CONVERSATION 


Can  you  sew,  little  girls?  Here  are  needles, 
thread,  scissors,  and  some  cloth. 

Take  a  needle  and  some  thread.  Why  has  the 
needle  a  sharp  point  ?  Do  not  stick  it  into  your 
finger.  Find  the  eye  of  the  needle.  Now  thread 
the  needle. 

Put  a  thimble  on  your  finger.  Here  is  a  piece 
of  cloth.  We  will  fold  one  edge.  Now  let  us 
sew  a  hem. 

Hold  the  cloth  in  your  left  hand.  Take  the 
needle  in  your  right  hand.  Push  the  needle 
through  the  cloth  with  your  thimble.  Make  the 
stitches  short  and  straight. 

Cut  the  thread  with  the  scissors.  Now  let  us 
put  all  the  things  in  the  sewing-basket. 

By  and  by  you  will  know  how  to  sew.  Then 
you  can  make  a  camisa  for  your  mother. 


CONVERSATION    AND    WRITING  83 

1.  What  things  do  you  use  for  sewing? 

2.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  needle? 

3.  Of  what  is  the  needle  made? 

4.  Why  do  you  use  a  needle? 

5.  How  much  thread  do  you  put  in  a  needle? 

6.  Where  do  you  wear  the  thimble? 

7.  What  do  you  do  with  it? 

8.  What  can  you  do  with  the  scissors? 

9.  In  which  hand  do  you  hold  the  cloth  when  you 

sew? 
10.   In  which  hand  do  you  hold  the  scissors? 


1.  Of  what  is  your  dress  made? 

2.  Who  made  your  dress? 

3.  How  did  she  make  it? 

4.  What  else  can  she  make? 

5.  What  kind  of  sleeves  has  your  camisa? 

6.  What  color  is  your  camisa? 

7.  Where  do  you  wear  your  panuelo? 

8.  Of  what  is  your  skirt  made? 

9.  What  is  the  shape  of  your  handkerchief? 

10.  How  wide  is  the  hem  around  your  handkerchief? 

11.  Who  makes  your  brother's  coat? 

12.  What  can  your  mother  make  for  your  father? 


INDUSTRIAL  EXERCISES 


Make  a  sewing  basket  with  a  cover.  Let  the  di- 
ameter be  about  15  cm  and  the  height  6  cm.  For  the 
splints  use  thin  strips  of  bamboo  or  bejuco.  Twisted 
grass  or  raffia  can  be  used  for  weavers. 

Start  the  bottom,  as  No.  i  shows,  with  20  splints. 
When  the  splints  are  arranged,  weave  around  5  or  6 
times  with  a  single  weaver  to  keep  the  splints  in  shape. 
Then  double  a  weaver  around  a  splint,  as  in  No.  i,  a. 
This  gives  two  weavers.  WTeave  round  and  round  with 
the  two  weavers,  one  going  under,  while  the  other  goes 
over,  as  in  No.  i.  Finish  the  top  of  the  basket  by  sew- 
ing a  thin  strip  of  bejuco  about  5  mm  wide  inside  and 
outside  the  basket.  Sew  with  bejuco. 

Cut  the  20  splints  for  the  cover,  as  shown  by  No.  2. 
Begin  weaving  at  the  center  with  the  double  weaver. 
Finish  the  edge  like  the  top  of  the  basket.  Be  sure  that 
the  cover  is  a  little  larger  than  the  basket,  so  that  it  will 
fit  over  the  top. 

The  handle  on  the  cover  may  be  made  of  twisted  or 
braided  grass. 

To  the    Teacher:     Encourage    weaving   with  grasses.      Read    the    chapters, 
"  Materials  and  their  Preparation  "  and  "Web  Weave." 


CONVERSATION  AND  VOCABULARY  DRILL  85 
THE  SHOEMAKER 


What  place  do  you  see  here? 
What  do  you  call  this  man  ? 
What  is  he  making  ? 
What  tools  does  he  use? 
What  material  does  he  use? 


high  shoes 
low  shoes 
tan  shoes 
canvas  shoes 
button  shoes 
lace  shoes 


rubbers 

slippers 

sandals 

stockings 

socks 

leggings 


shoe  polish 
whiting 
shoe  laces 
shoe  buttons 
button  hook 
shoehorn 


86  READING    AND    CONVERSATION 

Francisco  will  have  a 
pair  of  new  shoes.  The 
shoemaker  is  measuring 
his  foot. 

Francisco  wants  white 
shoes.     White  shoes  are 
light  and  cool.     They  are 
made  of  cloth. 
The  shoemaker  makes  some  shoes  of  leather. 
Leather  is  the  skin  of  cows  and  carabaos.     Cow 
leather  is  the  best  for  shoes. 

The  shoemaker  cuts  the  leather  with  a  sharp 
knife.  When  the  leather  is  thick,  he  cannot  use  a 
needle.  He  makes  holes  in  the  leather  with  an 
awl,  and  puts  the  thread  through. 

The  sole  of  the  shoe  is  thick.  The  shoemaker 
puts  on  the  soles  with  pegs. 

Some  shoes  have  soles  of  wood.  We  call 
them  clogs.  Many  boys  and  girls  wear  slippers. 
Slippers  are  made  of  leather  and  cloth. 

Francisco  has  holes  in  his  old  shoes.  The 
shoemaker  will  mend  them. 


CONVERSATION    AND   WRITING  87 

1.  What  does  the  shoemaker  make? 

2.  Of  what  does  he  make  shoes  ? 

3.  Where  does  he  get  the  leather  ? 

4.  Of  what  is  leather  made  ? 

5.  What  is  the  difference  between  leather 

and  cloth  ? 

6.  How  does  the  shoemaker  sew  thick  leather  ? 

7.  Why  can  he  not  cut  leather  with  scissors  ? 

8.  How  does  he  put  on  the  soles  ? 

9.  Why  are  the  soles  thick? 

10.  What  shoes  are  best  to  wear  in  the 
rainy  season  ? 


1.  Of  what  are  clogs  made  ? 

2.  Who  makes  clogs? 

3.  Where  can  you  buy  slippers? 

4.  What  kind  of  shoes  do  you  wear? 

5.  What  color  are  your  shoes  ? 

6.  Who  made  them  ? 

7.  What  kind  of  shoes  do  you  like  best? 

8.  Why  do  you  like  them  best? 

9.  What  are  white  shoes  made  of? 

10.  How  much  does  a  pair  of  white  shoes  cost? 

11.  What  kind  of  shoes  do  the  Chinese  wear? 


88 


INDUSTRIAL  EXERCISES 


Make  a  pair  of  sandals  for 
yourself.  Set  your  left  foot 
on  apiece  of  paper  and  draw 
a  line  around  it;  do  the  same 
with  your  right  foot.  Use 
these  patterns  in  weaving 
your  sandals. 

The  frame  may  be  made  of  bejuco  or  a  bundle  of 
strong  grass  or  lupis,  as  shown  in  No.  i.  Make  neat 
joints.  Take  care  that  the  frame  fits  the  size  and  shape 
of  your  foot  as  you  have  drawn  it. 

Weave  twisted  abaca,  maguey,  lupis,  or  grass  into  the 
frame,  as  in  No.  2.  Weave  very  closely  so  that  the 
frame  is  entirely  covered. 

The  toe  straps  may  be  made  of  braided  abaca, 
maguey,  lupis,  or  strong  grass,  as  in  No.  2.  The  straps 
are  sewed  to  the  bottom  of  the  sandal.  The  toe  cover 
may  also  be  made  of  cloth  or  a  fine  net  of  abaca. 

Cover  the  whole  sole  with  braided  abaca,  as  shown  in 
No.  3.  Begin  by  sewing  it  around  the  outer  edge;  sew 
it  on  smoothly. 

The  Japanese  make  very  good  sandals.  Sometimes 
they  cover  the  sandals  with  matting  which  makes  them 
soft. 

Here  is  a  picture  of  a  slipper 
case.  Can  you  make  one  of 
woven  abaca  or  raffia  or  of  buri 
mats  ? 

To  the  Teacher :     Encourage  the  weaving  of  fine  sandals,  for  which  there  ought 
to  be  a  good  market  in  every  town. 


CONVERSATION  AND  VOCABULARY  DRILL   89 
SUGAR-CANE 


What  kind  of  field  is  this  ? 

What  are  the  men  doing  ? 

How  do  they  cut  sugar-cane.  ? 

Where  is  the  man  going  with  the  cart  ? 

What  is  made  from  sugar-cane  ? 


refined  sugar 
unrefined  sugar 
granulated  sugar 
powdered  sugar 
brown  sugar 
cane  syrup 


recipe 

batter 

flour 

water 

eggs 

bake 


sweet 

sweeten 

cake 

candy 

custard 

caramel 


READING   AND    CONVERSATION 


The  farmers  cut  the  sugar-cane  with  a  bolo. 
They  cut  the  long  leaves  off  the  long  stalks.  The 
man  takes  the  stalks  to  the  sugar-mill  on  the 
cart.  Farmers  keep  the  heads  of  stalks  to  plant. 

Juan  drives  the  carabaos  round  and  round. 
The  large  rollers  turn  slowly.  Pedro  puts  the 
stalks  between  the  rollers.  The  sap  runs  out  of 
the  stalks. 

The  sap  is  very  sweet.  There  is  sugar  in  it. 
The  sap  runs  into  large  pans.  The  men  make  a 
hot  fire  under  the  pans.  When  the  sap  boils  a  long 
time,  it  gets  thick.  The  thick  sap  is  called  syrup. 

The  men  put  the  syrup  in  jars.  By  and  by  the 
syrup  becomes  sugar.  When  the  sugar  is  dry,  it 
is  put  into  sacks.  Large  boats  take  the  sugar  to 
the  United  States. 


CONVERSATION    AND    WRITING 


1.  Describe  the  sugar-cane. 

2.  Why  do  we  call  it  sugar-cane  ? 

3.  When  does  the  farmer  plant  it? 

4.  How  does  he  plant  it? 

5.  WThen  does  he  cut  it  ? 

6.  How  many  times  a   year  does   he 

cut  it? 

7.  How  tall  does  cane  grow  ? 

8.  What  part  of  the  plant  is  useful  ? 

9.  Why  is  it  useful  ? 

10.  What  is  the  color  of  the  stalk  ? 

11.  What  insect  eats  sugar-cane  ? 


1.  How  do  we  get  the  sap  out  of  the  cane  ? 

2.  For  what  do  we  use  the  dry  stalks  ? 

3.  What  is  the  color  of  the  sap  ? 

4.  How  does  it  taste? 

5.  What  is  in  the  sap  ? 

6.  How  do  we  get  sugar  out  of  the  sap  ? 

7.  What  is  the  color  of  sugar  ? 

8.  For  what  does  your  mother  use  sugar? 

9.  Where  is  much  sugar  made  ? 

10.  Where  do  the  boats  take  much  sugar? 


92  INDUSTRIAL  EXERCISES 

Visit  a  man  in  your  town  who  owns  a  cane  plantation. 
Ask  him  for  information  about  his  sugar-cane  crop. 

Write  a  report  of  this  man's  sugar-cane  crop.  Use  as 
a  title,  "A  Report  of  Mr.  -  -'s  Sugar- Cane  Crop." 
Copy  each  question.  Fill  in  the  man's  name  in  the 
blanks.  Write  an  answer  after  each  question.  Be  sure 
that  your  answers  are  accurate. 

1.  How  many  hectars  are  in  Mr.  -     -'s  plantation  ? 

2.  How  many  hectars  are  planted  in  cane? 

3.  In  what  month  was  the  cane  planted  ? 

4.  Is  the  cane  in  good  or  bad  condition? 

5.  Has  the  weather  been  favorable  or  unfavorable  for 

it? 

6.  Have  insects  or  animals  damaged  it? 

7.  When  will  Mr. harvest  his  crop? 

8.  How  much  does  he  expect  to  get  from  each  hectar? 

9.  Is  this  more  or  less  than  he  harvested  last  year? 
10.  What  is  the  present  price  of  cane? 

Put  your  report  in  an  envelope  and  address  it  to  your 
teacher. 

Write  a  note,  like  the  one  below,  about  the  conditions 
of  crops  in  your  town  for  the  past  month: 

"The  condition  of  abaca  and  coconuts  is  good.  Rice 
is  fair,  but  corn  is  poor.  Some  rice  has  been  harvested. 
High  water  has  damaged  much  corn." 

To  the  Teacher :  Read  the  chapters,  "  Industrial  Language  and  Composition 
Work  "  and  "Agriculture  and  Gardening. "  Let  the  pupils  write  reports  of  other 
crops  raised  in  the  community.  (See  page  72.) 


CONVERSATION  AND  VOCABULARY  DRILL   93 
THE  TAILOR 


What  place  is  this? 
What  do  you  see  on  the  table  ? 
How  many  rolls  of  cloth  do  you  see  ? 
What  are  the  men  making-  ? 
WThat  do  you  call  these  men  ? 


white  suit 
khaki  suit 
dark  suit 
belt 
buckle 
button-hole 


coat  collar 
coat  pocket 
trousers  pocket 
watch  pocket 
button  (n.  &  v.) 
unbutton 


shirt 
cuff 
necktie 
collar  button 
cuff  button 
coat  hanger 


94  READING    AND    CONVERSATION 

Maximo  is  in  the  tailors 
shop.  He  wants  a  new  suit  of 
clothes.  He  sees  many  rolls 
of  cloth  on  the  shelves.  Maxi- 
mo will  have  a  white  suit,  be- 
cause white  is  cool. 

Here  the  tailor  is  measuring 
Maximo.  What  does  he  meas- 
ure with  ? 

The  tailor  cuts  the  cloth  with 
large  shears  or  scissors.     He 
bastes  the  pieces  together  with  needle  and  thread. 
He  sews  them  on  a  sewing-machine.    Do  you  see 
how  he  makes  the  sewing-machine  go? 

He  sews  the  buttons  on  with  needle 
and  thread.  Some  buttons  are  white  and 
some  are  black.  What  kind  of  buttons 
will  Maximo  have  on  his  coat? 


Here  is  Maximo  wearing  his  new  suit. 
His  coat  has  a  high  collar.  There  are 
pockets  in  his  coat  and  trousers.  Maxi- 
mo carries  his  pencil  in  his  coat  pocket. 
What  else  do  you  think  he  carries  in  his 
pockets  ? 

He  will  try  to  keep  his  suit  white  and  clean. 


CONVERSATION    AND    WRITING 


95 


1.  Does  the  tailor  make  all  your  clothes? 

2.  Who  made  your  coat? 

3.  Of  what  is  your  coat  made? 

4.  Where  does  the  tailor  get  the  cloth? 

5.  What  is  the  color  of  your  coat? 

6.  How  many  buttons  are  on  your  coat? 

7.  Is  your  coat  like  Maximo's  coat? 

8.  How  many  pockets  are  in  your  coat? 

9.  What  do  you  carry  in  your  coat  pocket? 

10.  Where  do  you  carry  your  knife? 

1 1.  How  much  do  you  pay  for  a  white  suit? 

1 2.  In  most  parts  of  the  world,  people  wear  dark  clothes. 

Why  do  we  wear  white  clothes  ? 


Use  these  words  in  ques- 
tions. 

Then  write  statements  using 
these  words : 


tailor 

suit 

sew 

buttons 

baste 

coat 

cloth 

trousers 

needle 
thread 

pocket 
collar 

sewing-machine 


Draw  a  picture  of  a  pair  of  scissors. 
Draw  a  picture  of  Maximo's  coat. 


96 


INDUSTRIAL  EXERCISES 


Your  coat  will  hold  its  shape  well,  if  you  hang  it  on  a 
coat  hanger. 

Make  a  coat  hanger  of  a  bam- 
boo strip  2.5  cm  wide,  as  shown  in 
this  picture.  The  bamboo  should  be  long  enough  to 
reach  from  shoulder  to  shoulder.  Make  a  ring  of  bejuco 
by  which  to  hang  up  the  coat  hanger. 

A  clothes  rack  is  useful  for  hanging  coats 
and  hats.  Should  you  like  to  make  a  clothes 
rack  for  your  bedroom  ?  You  can  hang  your 
clothes  on  it  every  night.  In  the  morning 
they  will  be  dry  and  fresh. 

This  clothes  rack  is  160  cm  high.  The  up- 
right  is  5  cm  square.  The  base  is  made  of 
two  pieces  9  cm  by  55  cm  and  3  cm  thick. 
Join  the  two  pieces  together  with  the  half 
joint.  Mortise  the  upright  into  the  base. 

The  upright  is  held  secure  by  4  braces, 
each  4  cm  by  2.5  cm.  Secure  the  braces 
with  wooden  pegs. 

Study  the  position  of  the  pegs  in  the  up- 
right. Each  peg  is  driven  into  a  hole 
through  the  upright.  Make  the  holes 
with  a  chisel  and  mallet.  Be  sure  that  the  pegs  fit  the 
holes  tightly.  A  dowel  is  driven  through  the  small  end 
of  each  peg. 


To  the  Teacher  :  See  "Woodworking  "  by  R.  B.  Blackman  — "  Half  Joint," 
pages  75,  76;  "Mortising,"  pages  77,  78;  "Securing  Braces,"  pages  82  and  83, 
No.  42. 


CONVERSATION  AND  VOCABULARY  DRILL    97 
TRANSPORTATION 


What  are  these  men  doing  with  the  abaca? 
Where  did  the  abaca  come  from  ? 
How  was  it  carried  to  this  place? 
Where  will  the  boat  take  it  ? 
WThat  kind  of  boat  is  this  ? 


wagon 

cart 

carromata 

sled 

harness 

yoke 


boat 

sailboat 

ship 

launch 

casco 

lorcha 


mast 

sail 

sail  yard 

anchor 

rudder 

paddle 


98 


READING    AND    CONVERSATION 


These  people  are  going  to  town.  Some  have 
things  to  sell.  They  can  walk  fast  when  their 
loads  are  light. 

We  put  heavy  loads  into  a  cart.  Sometimes 
carabaos  and  horses  carry  loads  on  their  backs. 
When  the  roads  are  good,  they  can  go  very  fast. 

Some  people  live  near  a  river.  They  can  carry 
things  in  bancas.  Two  men  can  paddle  a  banca 
very  fast. 

A  prahu  has  sails,  and  the  wind  makes  it  go 
fast.  We  see  larger  boats  on  the  sea  than  on 
rivers.  Sailboats  and  steamboats  carry  abaca, 
copra,  sugar,  and  tobacco  to  other  countries. 

Near  Manila  is  a  railroad.  Did  you  ever  see 
a  train  of  cars? 


CONVERSATION    AND    WRITING 


99 


1.  How  do  women  carry  loads? 

2.  How  can  men  carry  big  loads? 

3.  For  what  do  we  use  the  cart? 

4.  What  animal  pulls  the  cart? 

5.  For  what  is  the  carromata  used? 

6.  What  animal  pulls  the  carromata? 

7.  On  what  does  the  train  run? 

8.  What  pulls  the  train? 

9.  Of  what  use  is  the  train? 


1.  How  do  we  carry  things  on  water? 

2.  What  kinds  of  boats  are  on  the  river? 

3.  What  kinds  of  boats  are  on  the  sea  ? 

4.  How  do  men  make  the  banca  move  ? 

5.  When  can  the  sailboat  go  very  fast? 

6.  Why  can  a  banca  not  go  far  on  the  sea  ? 

7.  Where  do  steamboats  go  ? 

8.  What  kinds  of  boats  have  you  seen  ? 


TOO  INDUSTRIAL  EXERCISES 

Write  a  report  about  the  condition  of  the  road  from 
your  house  to  the  schoolhouse : 

1.  Is  the  road  good  or  bad? 

2.  Is  it  well  crowned  ? 

3.  Do  weeds  or  grass  grow  on  it  ? 

4.  Are  there  holes  or  ridges  in  the  road  ? 

5.  Are  there  loose  stones  in  it? 

6.  Are  there  ditches  on  both  sides? 

7.  Are  the  ditches  in  good  condition  ? 

8.  What  could  you  do  to  improve  the  road? 

9.  Who  is  the  provincial  road  foreman  in  your  town? 

WTrite  a  report  about  the  horses  and  carabaos  in  your 
town.  Copy  each  question  and  write  an  answer  after 
each : 

1.  How  many  horses  are  there  in  your  town? 

2.  For  what  are  they  used? 

3.  Are  many  horses  sick  at  present? 

4.  WThat  is  the  sickness? 

5.  What  does  a  good  horse  cost? 

6.  How  many  carabaos  are  there  in  your  town? 

7.  How  many  died  last  month  ? 

8.  Are  many  carabaos  sick  now? 

9.  What  is  the  sickness? 

10.   How  much  does  a  good  carabao  cost? 

Write  five  questions  that  you  could  ask  for  a  report 
on  the  following  named  animals :  pigs ;  sheep ;  goats ; 
chickens. 

Write  an  answer  to  each  question. 


CONVERSATION  AND  VOCABULARY  DRILL  101 
WASHING 


Is  this  a  river  or  a  sea? 

What  is  the  girl  doing? 

What  is  her  mother  doing? 

WThy  are  the  clothes  on  the  bank? 

What  are  the  children  doing? 


washing  clothes 
washing  his  hands 
wash  myself 
rinsing  clothes 
drying  clothes 
ironing  clothes 


toilet  set 
washbowl 
water  pitcher 
soap  dish 
towel 
towel  rack 


102 


READING    AND    CONVERSATION 


Good  morning,  Clara.  Where 
are  you  going? 

I  am  going  to  the  river  to  wash 
my  clothes. 

Is  this  not  a  beautiful  river?  See 
how  clear  the  water  is.  Look  at 
the  shady  trees  on  the  banks. 

Whack!  Whack!  Clara  beats 
the  clothes  with  a  big  paddle.  She 
puts  soap  on  the  clothes.  The  clothes  will 
be  white  and  clean. 

Clara's  mother  is  rinsing  a  coat.  She  rinses 
out  all  the  soap  and  dirt.  She  will  put  the  coat 
on  the  clean  stones  to  dry. 

The  sun  is  shining  brightly. 
Soon  the  clothes  will  be  dry, 
and  Clara  will  take  them  home. 


Clara  is  ironing  the  clothes. 
She  puts  fire  in  the  large  iron. 
The  iron  must  be  very  hot, 
so  that  the  clothes  will  be 
smooth. 

Do  you  know  what  Clara  puts  in  the  iron  to 
make  the  fire  burn?  Where  does  she  get  the 
charcoal? 


CONVERSATION    AND    WRITING  103 

1.  Why  does  Clara  go  to  the  river? 

2.  How  does  she  carry  the  clothes  ? 

3.  Why  does  she  wash  the  clothes? 

4.  How  does  she  wash  them? 

5.  Why  does  she  beat  them? 

6.  Why  does  she  use  soap? 

7.  Where  does  she  get  the  soap? 

8.  Why  does  she  put  the  clothes  on  the  bank  of 

the  river  ? 

9.  How  does  Clara  iron  the  clothes? 

10.  How  does  she  keep  the  iron  hot? 

1 1.  Why  must  the  iron  be  hot? 


1.  What  river  is  near  your  town? 

2.  Do  people  wash  clothes  in  this  river? 

3.  Where  does  the  river  come  from? 

4.  How  wide  is  the  river? 

5.  Are  the  banks  rocky  or  sandy  ? 

6.  What  kinds  of  trees  grow  on  the  banks? 

7.  How  deep  is  the  water? 

8.  Does  the  water  flow  fast  or  slow? 

9.  Where  does  it  go? 

10.  How  can  people  cross  this  river? 

n.  What  kinds  of  boats  are  on  this  river? 


IO4 


INDUSTRIAL  EXERCISES 


Make  a  washstand,  water  pitcher,  and  towel  rack  of  bam- 
boo. Green  bamboo  is  best  to  use,  because  it  will  not  break. 

The  cane  for  the  washstand  and  pitcher  should  be  at 
least  10  cm  in  diameter.  The  washstand  should  be  high 
enough  for  you  to  wash  yourself  conveniently.  Notice 
where  the  cane  joint  is  in  the  washstand.  In  the  pitcher, 
the  joint  furnishes  the  bottom. 

For  making  the  washstand  and  the  bottom  of  the 
pitcher,  split  the  bamboo  evenly.  Let  the  splints  be 
about  one  centimeter  wide. 

The  bamboo  splints  of  the  stand  and  pitcher  are  held 
apart  by  weaving  in  strands  of  bejuco.  Be  sure  that 
your  washdish  will  fit  nicely  into  the  top  of  the  stand, 
as  the  picture  shows. 

Can  you  bend  a  piece  of  bamboo  for  the  pitcher 
handle?  Fasten  the  handle  with  a  weave  of  bejuco,  as 
the  picture  shows. 

The  towel  rack  is  as  high  as  the  washstand.  It  is 
made  of  smaller  canes  than  the  stand.  Make  all  joints 
strong  and  neat.  On  page  12  you  will  see  how  good 
joints  are  made.  The  two  parts  of  the  rack  are  tied  to- 
gether with  bejuco  and  fold  like  a  screen. 


CONVERSATION  AND  VOCABULARY  DRILL  105 
WEAVING 


What  is  the  woman  doing? 

What  is  she  making  ? 

What  is  the  name  of  the  machine  ? 

What  do  you  see  at  the  left  of  the  picture  ? 

What  is  the  girl  doing  ? 


loom 

reed 

heddle 

batten  (n.  &  v.) 

shuttle 

bobbin 


spool  (n.  &  v.) 
spooling  machine 
warp  (n.  &  v.) 
warping  machine 
woof 
weaver's  knot 


fly  shuttle 
to  and  fro 
over  and  under 
cotton  cloth 
fiber  cloth 
silk  goods 


io6 


READING  AND  CONVERSATION 


Here  is  a  picture  of  some  fiber  plants.  The 
fibers  of  abaca  and  of  the  banana  plant  are  in  the 
stalks.  They  are  very  long.  Abaca  has  many 
fibers.  The  banana  plant  has  not  many  fibers. 

The  fibers  of  maguey  and  the  pineapple  plant 
are  in  the  leaves.  These  fibers  are  shorter  than 
abaca  fibers. 

Pineapple  fiber  is  very  fine  and  strong.  This 
fiber  makes  fine  cloth. 

In  provinces  where  hemp  grows,  sinamay  and 
pinolpog  are  woven. 

The  Ilokanos  make  cloth  and  rope  of  the  maguey 
fiber.  They  also  weave  much  cloth  of  cotton. 

Jusi  is  made  of  the  silk  of  a  wild  silk-worm; 
the  silk  of  the  cultivated  silk-worm  is  often  woven 
in  to  form  stripes  and  figures. 

The  finest  fiber  cloths  are  made  in  Panay. 


CONVERSATION    AND    WRITING  107 

1.  Name  some  important  fiber  plants. 

2.  Why  do  we  call  them  fiber  plants? 

3.  Describe  the  abaca  and  banana  plants. 

4.  Where  are  the  fibers  of  these  plants? 

5.  Describe  the  pineapple  plant. 

6.  Where  are  the  fibers  of  this  plant? 

7.  What  other  plant  has  the  fibers  in  the  leaves? 

8.  What  plants  have  very  long  fibers? 

9.  What  plant  has  the  finest 

fibers? 

10.   For    what     can    we     use 
fibers? 


1.  Who  weaves  the  cloth? 

2.  How  do  they  weave  the 

cloth? 

3.  Of  what  do  they  weave 

fiber  cloth? 

4.  What  is  the  finest  fiber  cloth? 
5    Of  what  fiber  is  it  made? 

6.  Of  what  is  jusi  made? 

7.  What  cloth  is  made  of  banana  fiber? 

8.  Of  what  fiber  is  sinamay  made? 

9.  What  cloth  is  made  of  maguey  fiber? 
10.  What  else  can  we  weave  into  cloth? 

n.  Write  the  names  of  all  the  fiber  cloths  you  know. 


io8  INDUSTRIAL  EXERCISES 

Weave  with  the  loom  that  you  made  of  a  cigar  box. 
(See  page  28.) 

For  the  warp,  you  can  use  strong,  single  fibers  of  abaca 
or  maguey.  You  can  also  use  several  fibers  twisted  to- 
gether or  raffia.  The  same  fibers  can  be  used  for  the  woof. 

Weaving  with  warp  and  woof  of  raffia  gives  a  pleasing 
design  of  small  squares.  If  two  colors  of  each  warp  and 
woof  are  used,  patterns  in  squares  and  plaids  can  be 
woven. 

With  a  fine  warp  of  abaca  and  a  woof  of  raffia  in  two 
colors,  patterns  in  stripes  can  be  woven. 

Make  drawings  of  patterns  to  help  you  in  warping 
your  loom  and  in  weaving. 

Study  the  picture  of  the  loom  on  page  28.  To  warp 
your  loom,  tie  the  warp  to  one  of  the  end  pins.  Pass  it 
through  the  first  slit  in  the  heddle  to  the  pin  opposite. 
Then  pass  it  around  the  second  pin  and  through  the  first 
hole  in  the  heddle  to  the  pin  opposite.  Continue  in  this 
way  and  fasten  the  warp  to  the  last  pin. 

When  the  heddle  is  raised,  all  the  warps  in  the  holes 
are  raised.  Pass  the  bobbin  with  the  woof  between  the 
upper  and  lower  warps.  Then  lower  the  heddle  so  that 
the  warps  in  the  holes  are  below.  Pass  the  bobbin  back. 
Proceed  in  this  way,  till  the  weave  is  done.  Every  time 
the  woof  passes  through,  batten  it  firmly  against  the 
weave  with  the  heddle. 

Learn  to  use  correctly  all  the  words  that  a  weaver 
uses.  Try  to  tell  your  schoolmates  how  to  prepare  a 
loom  for  weaving,  and  how  to  weave. 


BAMBOO    FURNITURE 

PLATE    I 


ICQ 


.«_ 60  COT -- — --*! 


The  dimensions  given  here  need  not  be  followed  exactly;  the  designs  may  also 
be  varied.  The  woven  work  of  tables,  chair,  and  screen  may  be  done  with  abacd 
or  maguey.  The  umbrella  rack  to  the  right  of  the  tables  is  adapted  for  the  home; 
the  one  below  the  tables,  for  the  school.  Place  tin  receptacles  in  the  bottom  of 
the  umbrella  racks  to  catch  the  water. 


no         ADAPTATIONS    OF    DIAGONAL    MAT 

PLATE   II 


Nos.  I  and  4,  photograph  holders;  No.  2,  whisk  broom  holder;  No.  3,  cornu- 
copia wall  pocket  for  newspapers  or  waste  paper;  No.  5,  fan;  No.  6,  wall  pocket 
for  magazines ;  No.  7,  wall  pocket  for  pictures,  post  cards,  letters,  etc. 


EIGHT    STEPS    IN    WEAVING   A    BURI    H AT  1 1 1 

PLATE    III 


Step  I.  Beginning  top  of  crown  with  four  pairs  of  strips.  Step  2.  Beginning 
top  of  crown,  two  pairs  of  strips  added.  Step  3.  Same  number  of  strips  as  in  No. 
2 ;  changing  weave  from  pairs  to  single  strips.  Step  4.  Same  number  of  strips  as 
in  No.  2;  weaving  first  time  around.  Step  5-  Adding  a  new  strip  (a}.  Step  6. 
Continuation  of  No.  5  after  additions  have  been  made  in  weaving  twice  around; 
continue  weaving  and  adding  new  strips  until  the  top  of  the  crown  is  of  the  desired 
size ;  then  continue  weaving  without  adding  new  strips  until  the  crown  is  suffi- 
ciently high.  Step  7.  The  lov/er  part  of  the  crown,  showing  how  the  strips  are 
turned  at  the  lower  edge  to  begin  weaving  the  brim  ;  after  the  strips  are  turned, 
add  new  strips  as  in  weaving  the  top  of  the  crown  until  the  brim  is  of  the  required 
width;  on  account  of  the  larger  circumference  of  the  brim,  new  strips  are  not  added 
so  frequently  as  in  the  case  of  the  top  of  the  crown.  Step  8.  Finishing  the  edge 
of  the  brim. 


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